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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of the atomic number in an atom?
What is the main purpose of the atomic number in an atom?
Which type of bond forms between a metal and a nonmetal?
Which type of bond forms between a metal and a nonmetal?
What distinguishes isotopes of the same element?
What distinguishes isotopes of the same element?
Which property is true for nonmetals?
Which property is true for nonmetals?
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What occurs during a chemical reaction?
What occurs during a chemical reaction?
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Which of the following best describes a covalent bond?
Which of the following best describes a covalent bond?
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What does the periodic table primarily organize elements by?
What does the periodic table primarily organize elements by?
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What impacts reaction rates in chemical reactions?
What impacts reaction rates in chemical reactions?
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What is the state of equilibrium in a reaction?
What is the state of equilibrium in a reaction?
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Which of the following is a unit used to measure concentration?
Which of the following is a unit used to measure concentration?
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What role does a buffer play in a solution?
What role does a buffer play in a solution?
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What does stoichiometry refer to in chemistry?
What does stoichiometry refer to in chemistry?
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In thermodynamics, what does the term entropy (ΔS) measure?
In thermodynamics, what does the term entropy (ΔS) measure?
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Which type of radioactive decay involves the emission of particles with a positive charge?
Which type of radioactive decay involves the emission of particles with a positive charge?
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What is the purpose of balancing chemical equations?
What is the purpose of balancing chemical equations?
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What does half-life refer to in nuclear chemistry?
What does half-life refer to in nuclear chemistry?
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Flashcards
Atom
Atom
The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.
Protons
Protons
The positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
Neutrons
The neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons
Electrons
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Atomic Number
Atomic Number
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Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass
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Isotopes
Isotopes
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Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
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Equilibrium
Equilibrium
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Solution
Solution
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Concentration
Concentration
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Solubility
Solubility
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Acids
Acids
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Bases
Bases
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Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons carry a negative charge.
- The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting in specific energy levels (shells).
- Atomic number identifies an element, equal to the number of protons.
- Atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with differing neutron counts, hence varying atomic masses.
- Electron configuration details the electron arrangement across energy levels and sublevels.
- Quantum numbers specify the energy levels and spatial orientation of electrons.
Periodic Table
- The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic number and recurring chemical properties.
- Elements are arranged in rows (periods) and columns (groups/families).
- Elements in the same group exhibit similar chemical behaviours due to identical valence electron counts.
- Metals are typically lustrous, conductive of heat and electricity, and malleable.
- Nonmetals are usually nonlustrous, poor conductors, and brittle.
- Metalloids display characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
- Atomic properties (e.g., atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity) show trends across periods and groups.
Chemical Bonding
- Chemical bonds unite atoms in molecules and compounds.
- Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals through electron transfer.
- Covalent bonds arise when nonmetals share electrons.
- Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are delocalized.
- Compound properties depend on bond types and strengths.
- Polar covalent bonds form when electrons aren't shared equally due to differing electronegativity.
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions involve atom rearrangements to form new substances.
- Chemical equations depict reactions, showing reactants and products.
- Balancing chemical equations ensures equal element counts on both sides.
- Reaction types include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.
- Reaction rates are affected by temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts.
- Equilibrium occurs when forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
Solutions
- Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances.
- The solute is dissolved, while the solvent does the dissolving.
- Solution concentration quantifies solute amount in a given solvent amount.
- Concentration units include molarity, molality, and percent by mass.
- Solubility describes a substance's ability to dissolve in a solvent.
- Solubility factors include temperature, pressure, and solvent/solute natures.
Acids and Bases
- Acids release H+ (protons) in solution.
- Bases accept H+ (protons) in solution.
- The pH scale indicates solution acidity/basicity.
- Acid-base reactions (neutralization) produce a salt and water.
- Buffers resist pH changes by maintaining a constant H+ and OH- concentration.
Stoichiometry
- Stoichiometry quantifies reactant-product relationships in chemical reactions.
- Stoichiometry uses moles, mass, and volume calculations for reactants and products.
- The mole concept is essential in stoichiometry.
- Balancing equations underpins stoichiometric calculations.
- Limiting reagents restrict product formation.
Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics studies energy changes in chemical and physical processes.
- Exothermic reactions release energy; endothermic reactions absorb energy.
- Enthalpy (ΔH) measures heat change at constant pressure.
- Entropy (ΔS) quantifies system disorder/randomness.
- Gibbs free energy (ΔG) combines enthalpy and entropy to predict reaction spontaneity.
Nuclear Chemistry
- Nuclear chemistry studies radioactive properties and nuclear reactions.
- Radioisotopes have unstable nuclei, undergoing radioactive decay.
- Radioactive decay types include alpha, beta, and gamma emission.
- Half-life is the time for half a radioactive sample to decay.
- Nuclear reactions have applications in medical imaging, cancer treatment, and carbon dating.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on atomic structure and the periodic table with this quiz. Explore concepts such as protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, and the organization of elements. Ideal for students learning chemistry fundamentals.
