Atomic Models Quiz

Atomic Models

• Rutherford's Atomic Model (1911):
  • Atom consists of a small, dense nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons
  • Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels or shells
• Bohr's Atomic Model (1913):
  • Improved Rutherford's model by introducing energy levels and electron spin
  • Electrons jump to higher energy levels by absorbing energy and fall to lower levels by emitting energy
• Quantum Mechanical Model:
  • Introduces wave-particle duality, where electrons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior
  • Electron probability distributions are described by atomic orbitals

Nuclear Reactions

• Nuclear Fusion:
  • Two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy
  • Examples: proton-proton chain, triple-alpha process
• Nuclear Fission:
  • A heavy atomic nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei, releasing energy
  • Examples: nuclear power plants, atomic bombs
• Radioactive Decay:
  • Unstable atomic nuclei release energy and particles to become more stable
  • Types: alpha, beta, gamma decay

Electron Configuration

• Aufbau Principle:
  • Electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels in an atom
  • Orbitals are filled in a specific order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, ...
• Hund's Rule:
  • When filling orbitals with equal energy, electrons occupy each orbital singly before pairing
  • Example: carbon atom (1s² 2s² 2p²)
• Electron Spin and Orbitals:
  • Electrons have an intrinsic spin of 1/2, which determines their magnetic behavior
  • Atomic orbitals are described by their shape, size, and orientation in space

Atomic Models

• Atom consists of a small, dense nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons in Rutherford's Atomic Model
• Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels or shells in Rutherford's model
• Bohr's Atomic Model introduces energy levels and electron spin, with electrons jumping to higher energy levels by absorbing energy and falling to lower levels by emitting energy
• Quantum Mechanical Model introduces wave-particle duality, where electrons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior
• Electron probability distributions are described by atomic orbitals in the Quantum Mechanical Model

Nuclear Reactions

• Nuclear Fusion combines two or more atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy
• Examples of Nuclear Fusion include the proton-proton chain and triple-alpha process
• Nuclear Fission splits a heavy atomic nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei, releasing energy
• Examples of Nuclear Fission include nuclear power plants and atomic bombs
• Radioactive Decay releases energy and particles as unstable atomic nuclei become more stable
• Types of Radioactive Decay include alpha, beta, and gamma decay

Electron Configuration

• The Aufbau Principle states that electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels in an atom
• Orbitals are filled in a specific order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,... according to the Aufbau Principle
• Hund's Rule states that when filling orbitals with equal energy, electrons occupy each orbital singly before pairing
• The electron spin of 1/2 determines the magnetic behavior of electrons
• Atomic orbitals are described by their shape, size, and orientation in space

Ibadat in Islam

• Acts of worship in Islam, obligatory on every Muslim, to develop a strong relationship with Allah and cultivate righteousness and morality.

Salah (Prayer)

• Second pillar of Islam, performed five times a day.
• Direct connection between the believer and Allah.
• Five daily prayers: Fajr (dawn), Dhuhr (noon), Asr (afternoon), Maghrib (sunset), and Isha (night).
• Each prayer consists of a series of rak'ahs (units), including recitation of the Quran, bowing, prostrating, and sitting.
• Can be performed individually or in congregation.

Tawhid (Oneness of Allah)

• Fundamental concept of Islam, affirming the oneness of Allah.
• Belief that Allah is the only God, with no partners or associates.
• Divided into three categories: Tawhid ar-Rububiyyah (oneness of lordship), Tawhid al-Asma was-Sifat (oneness of names and attributes), and Tawhid al-Ibadah (oneness of worship).

Zakat (Charity)

• Third pillar of Islam, compulsory charity.
• Means of purifying one's wealth and soul.
• Paid on excess wealth, typically 2.5% of one's annual savings.
• Eight categories of eligible recipients: Fuqara (poor), Masakin (needy), Al-'Amileen (zakat collectors), Mu'allafatul Qulub (those who have been inclined to Islam), Ar-Riqaab (slaves), Ghaarimeen (debtors), Fisabeelillah (those fighting for Allah's cause), and Ibnus-Sabeel (travelers).

Sawm (Fasting)

• Fourth pillar of Islam, observed during the month of Ramadan.
• Means of developing self-control, empathy, and gratitude.
• Involves abstaining from food, drink, and other physical needs from dawn to sunset.
• Exceptions for those who are ill, traveling, or experiencing menstrual bleeding.

Hajj (Pilgrimage)

• Fifth pillar of Islam, once-in-a-lifetime obligation for those who are physically and financially able.
• Journey to the holy city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia, during the month of Dhu al-Hijjah.
• Involves several rituals, including: Ihram (donning a sacred gown), Tawaf (circumambulating the Ka'bah), Sa'y (running between Safa and Marwah), Wuquf (standing on the plain of Arafat), and stoning the pillars of Jamarat.