Atherosclerosis Risk Factors
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of severe and permanent reductions in blood flow to cells?

  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Ischemic necrosis (correct)

    • Where are certain sites more vulnerable to the development of atherosclerosis?

  • Places with low oxygen levels
  • Regions with smooth vessel walls
  • Locations where arteries bifurcate or branch into smaller vessels (correct)
  • Areas with high blood flow

    • In which part of the vascular system can atherosclerosis develop?

  • Anywhere along the course of the artery (correct)
  • Mainly in the abdominal region
  • Only in the upper extremities
  • Exclusively in the lower extremities

    • What results from prolonged hemodynamic forces according to the reaction-to-injury theory?

    <p>Vascular endothelial cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces cells that undergo ischemic necrosis due to severe and permanent reductions in blood flow?

    <p>Fibrous tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with?

    <p>Peripheral and coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does homocysteine promote coagulation?

    <p>By increasing factor V and factor XI activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of folic acid and vitamin B12 on serum homocysteine levels?

    <p>They decrease serum homocysteine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of B complex vitamins on reducing adverse cardiovascular events?

    <p>They have no impact on adverse cardiovascular events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the use of B complex vitamins not recommended to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?

    <p>Because there are no data demonstrating that this therapy reduces adverse cardiovascular events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fatty streaks composed of?

    <p>Lipids and elongated smooth muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are fatty streaks predominantly found?

    <p>Coronary, popliteal, and internal carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do fatty streaks usually cause clinical symptoms?

    <p>No, they do not usually cause clinical symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are fatty streaks reversible?

    <p>Reversibility is uncertain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the development of collateral circulation in response to gradual narrowing of the arterial lumen?

    <p>Gradual narrowing of the arterial lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of nicotine on blood flow and heart rate?

    <p>Decreases blood flow to the extremities and increases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does carbon monoxide affect the tissues?

    <p>Deprives the tissues of oxygen by combining readily with hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of smoking on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels?

    <p>Decreases HDL levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the use of tobacco related to the extent of the disease?

    <p>Tobacco use increases the extent of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cessation of nicotine product use on disease risk?

    <p>It reduces the risk of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fibrous plaques composed of?

    <p>Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are fibrous plaques predominantly found?

    <p>In the abdominal aorta and coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color are fibrous plaques?

    <p>White to white-yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of gradual narrowing of the arterial lumen?

    <p>Development of collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of collateral circulation?

    <p>To reroute blood flow around blockages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of fatty streaks?

    <p>Lipids and elongated smooth muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

    <p>Arteriosclerosis involves the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, and fibrous tissue, while atherosclerosis involves thickening of the muscle fibers and endothelial lining of artery walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis commonly coexist?

    <p>They both rarely occur without the other and are often used interchangeably.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries?

    <p>Obstruction by thrombosis, aneurysm, ulceration, and rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are all actively functioning tissue cells sensitive to any reduction in the supply of nutrients and oxygen?

    <p>Because they require an abundant supply of nutrients and oxygen for their functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of atheromas or plaques?

    <p>Accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of diabetes on the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>It increases the risk two- to fourfold, with higher amputation rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetes affect the onset and progression of peripheral artery disease (PAD) compared to patients without diabetes?

    <p>It causes earlier onset and more rapid progression of PAD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors contributing to the multifactorial impact of diabetes on atherosclerosis?

    <p>Promotion of coagulation and derangement of cell types within vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of slightly increased serum CRP levels in relation to cardiovascular inflammation?

    <p>They are associated with an increased risk of vascular damage when accompanied by other risk factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diabetes impact the anatomic distribution of pathology in peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>It causes greater severity of disease in the profunda femoris and all segments below the knee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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