Atherosclerosis Risk Factors

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What is the result of severe and permanent reductions in blood flow to cells?

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Ischemic necrosis (correct)

Where are certain sites more vulnerable to the development of atherosclerosis?

Places with low oxygen levels

Regions with smooth vessel walls

Locations where arteries bifurcate or branch into smaller vessels (correct)

Areas with high blood flow

In which part of the vascular system can atherosclerosis develop?

Anywhere along the course of the artery (correct)

Mainly in the abdominal region

Only in the upper extremities

Exclusively in the lower extremities

What results from prolonged hemodynamic forces according to the reaction-to-injury theory?

Vascular endothelial cell injury Signup and view all the answers

What replaces cells that undergo ischemic necrosis due to severe and permanent reductions in blood flow?

Fibrous tissues Signup and view all the answers

What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with?

Peripheral and coronary artery disease Signup and view all the answers

How does homocysteine promote coagulation?

By increasing factor V and factor XI activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of folic acid and vitamin B12 on serum homocysteine levels?

They decrease serum homocysteine levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of B complex vitamins on reducing adverse cardiovascular events?

They have no impact on adverse cardiovascular events Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of B complex vitamins not recommended to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?

Because there are no data demonstrating that this therapy reduces adverse cardiovascular events Signup and view all the answers

What are fatty streaks composed of?

Lipids and elongated smooth muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are fatty streaks predominantly found?

Coronary, popliteal, and internal carotid arteries Signup and view all the answers

Do fatty streaks usually cause clinical symptoms?

No, they do not usually cause clinical symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Are fatty streaks reversible?

Reversibility is uncertain Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the development of collateral circulation in response to gradual narrowing of the arterial lumen?

Gradual narrowing of the arterial lumen Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of nicotine on blood flow and heart rate?

Decreases blood flow to the extremities and increases heart rate Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon monoxide affect the tissues?

Deprives the tissues of oxygen by combining readily with hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of smoking on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels?

Decreases HDL levels Signup and view all the answers

How is the use of tobacco related to the extent of the disease?

Tobacco use increases the extent of the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cessation of nicotine product use on disease risk?

It reduces the risk of disease Signup and view all the answers

What are fibrous plaques composed of?

Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

Where are fibrous plaques predominantly found?

In the abdominal aorta and coronary arteries Signup and view all the answers

What color are fibrous plaques?

White to white-yellow Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of gradual narrowing of the arterial lumen?

Development of collateral circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of collateral circulation?

To reroute blood flow around blockages Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of fatty streaks?

Lipids and elongated smooth muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

Arteriosclerosis involves the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, and fibrous tissue, while atherosclerosis involves thickening of the muscle fibers and endothelial lining of artery walls. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis commonly coexist?

They both rarely occur without the other and are often used interchangeably. Signup and view all the answers

What are the common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries?

Obstruction by thrombosis, aneurysm, ulceration, and rupture Signup and view all the answers

Why are all actively functioning tissue cells sensitive to any reduction in the supply of nutrients and oxygen?

Because they require an abundant supply of nutrients and oxygen for their functioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of atheromas or plaques?

Accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of diabetes on the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

It increases the risk two- to fourfold, with higher amputation rates. Signup and view all the answers

How does diabetes affect the onset and progression of peripheral artery disease (PAD) compared to patients without diabetes?

It causes earlier onset and more rapid progression of PAD. Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors contributing to the multifactorial impact of diabetes on atherosclerosis?

Promotion of coagulation and derangement of cell types within vessel walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of slightly increased serum CRP levels in relation to cardiovascular inflammation?

They are associated with an increased risk of vascular damage when accompanied by other risk factors. Signup and view all the answers

How does diabetes impact the anatomic distribution of pathology in peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

It causes greater severity of disease in the profunda femoris and all segments below the knee. Signup and view all the answers