Atherosclerosis Overview and Pathophysiology

<p>May lower insulin resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consult their health-care provider (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing LDL by lowering cholesterol synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle pain may indicate rhabdomyolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Above (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhance peripheral tissue perfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining the extremities in a dependent position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess tissue perfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An AAA less than 4 cm is often silent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of strong peripheral pulses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrasound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent complications such as ulceration and gangrene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermittent claudication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absent pulses in extremities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking cessation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspecting feet for sores or blisters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes and hyperlipidemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shiny and hairless skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-fat diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer thrombolytic within 30 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possibility of catastrophic hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce clot formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bleeding risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphine sulfate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Give the injection deep subcutaneously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterial blood gases (ABGs) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pain is more severe and lasts longer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shortness of breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary function test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain in the shoulders, neck, jaw, arms, or back without chest pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking cessation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shooting pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sublingual spray (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced renal and hepatic function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic blood pressure increases more than 20 mm Hg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive activity as tolerated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sharp localized pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce cardiac demand and fatigue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance of progressive activity as indicated by stable vital signs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps prevent serious complications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive activity like range-of-motion exercises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A diet beneficial for reducing plaque in arteries, like the DASH eating plan.

Cigarette smoking increases the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) proportionately to the number of cigarettes smoked.

Smoking contributes to a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which is protective for heart health.

Smoking causes blood vessels to constrict, leading to conditions like angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias.

Residual nicotine and toxic chemicals left on surfaces after tobacco smoke has cleared, posing health risks.

Increased physical activity raises HDL levels, lowers insulin resistance, and facilitates weight loss.

Statins and fibrates are medications used to lower lipid levels in patients at risk of atherosclerosis.

For genetic high cholesterol, monoclonal antibodies like alirocumab and evolocumab help lower LDL levels.

Anginal pain that occurs at regular intervals, often daily.

Pain caused by spasms in small heart arteries, reducing blood flow.

Pain felt in areas other than the source, often seen in angina.

Women may experience non-standard symptoms like fatigue or jaw pain instead of classic chest pain.

Tests like ECG, echocardiography, and stress tests used to diagnose coronary artery disease.

Factors like inactivity, poor diet, and smoking that increase the likelihood of angina attacks.

A vasodilator medication of choice for treating acute anginal attacks.

Lifestyle changes like weight loss and stress reduction that help manage angina.

Percutaneous coronary intervention, a procedure to open narrowed coronary arteries.

Uses medication to dissolve blood clots in coronary arteries.

Arterial blood gases guide oxygen needs in patients.

Given to reduce platelet aggregation and clot formation.

A medication used to relieve ischemic cardiac pain via vasodilation.

Long-term use of two antiplatelet drugs after myocardial infarction.

An anticoagulant that prevents thrombus formation by inhibiting thrombin.

Antithrombotic medication used to prevent ischemic complications.

Pain or cramping in legs or arms during activity due to inadequate blood flow.

Older adults may experience non-traditional symptoms of myocardial infarction, such as silent MI.

Reduced blood flow to the farthest parts of limbs, leading to pain and potential complications.

A condition causing blood vessel inflammation and obstruction, often related to smoking.

Elderly patients may have increased risk of side effects due to reduced renal and hepatic function.

Inability to sustain physical activity due to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, weakness, and fatigue.

A blood circulation disorder that narrows arteries, reducing blood flow to limbs.

Regular observation of heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital signs to detect abnormal responses during physical activity.

Focus on preventing complications like ulceration, gangrene, and amputation in PAD patients.

Evaluating skin condition, pulses, capillary refill, and temperature to identify PAD complications.

Gradually increasing physical activities to condition the myocardium, starting with basic tasks.

Teaching proper daily foot care to prevent complications in patients with PAD.

Allowing older patients to manage their activities at their own pace to reduce cardiac strain.

Older adults should be referred to rehabilitation programs for strength and cardiovascular improvement.

Understanding the disease, treatment, and self-care necessary to manage PAD effectively.

Condition marked by compromised blood flow, can be classified as either arterial or venous.

A condition of elevated fats in the blood.

Insufficient blood flow to arms and legs.

Pulses felt in arms and legs indicating blood flow.

Time taken for color to return to nailbeds after pressure.

A bulging or weakening in an arterial wall.

A specific aneurysm located in the abdominal aorta.

Conditions increasing the likelihood of an aneurysm.

Planned surgery to fix an aneurysm before rupture.