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Hyperhomocysteinemia has been positively correlated with the risk of peripheral, cerebrovascular, and coronary artery disease as well as venous thromboembolism (VTE).
Hyperhomocysteinemia has been positively correlated with the risk of peripheral, cerebrovascular, and coronary artery disease as well as venous thromboembolism (VTE).
True (A)
Homocysteine promotes coagulation by decreasing factor V and factor XI activity.
Homocysteine promotes coagulation by decreasing factor V and factor XI activity.
False (B)
Folic acid and vitamin B12 have been reported to increase serum homocysteine levels.
Folic acid and vitamin B12 have been reported to increase serum homocysteine levels.
False (B)
The use of B complex vitamins to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD is recommended.
The use of B complex vitamins to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD is recommended.
There are data demonstrating that folic acid and vitamin B12 therapy reduces adverse cardiovascular events.
There are data demonstrating that folic acid and vitamin B12 therapy reduces adverse cardiovascular events.
Arteriosclerosis affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries.
Arteriosclerosis affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries.
Atherosclerosis is a diffuse process affecting the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles.
Atherosclerosis is a diffuse process affecting the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles.
Atherosclerosis rarely occurs without arteriosclerosis, and the terms are used interchangeably.
Atherosclerosis rarely occurs without arteriosclerosis, and the terms are used interchangeably.
The most common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries include dilation of the lumen.
The most common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries include dilation of the lumen.
Atherosclerosis indirectly results in malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of the organs supplied by the sclerotic arteries.
Atherosclerosis indirectly results in malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of the organs supplied by the sclerotic arteries.
HDL and low-density lipoprotein are two types of atherosclerotic lesions.
HDL and low-density lipoprotein are two types of atherosclerotic lesions.
Fibrous plaques are composed of smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers, plasma components, and lipids.
Fibrous plaques are composed of smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers, plasma components, and lipids.
Fatty streaks predispose a person to the formation of fibrous plaques and are reversible.
Fatty streaks predispose a person to the formation of fibrous plaques and are reversible.
Injury to the endothelium decreases the aggregation of platelets and monocytes at the site of injury.
Injury to the endothelium decreases the aggregation of platelets and monocytes at the site of injury.
Collateral circulation arises from preexisting vessels that enlarge to reroute blood flow around a hemodynamically significant stenosis or occlusion.
Collateral circulation arises from preexisting vessels that enlarge to reroute blood flow around a hemodynamically significant stenosis or occlusion.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is less severe in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is less severe in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes.
Diabetes affects the onset and progression of atherosclerosis through a single factor.
Diabetes affects the onset and progression of atherosclerosis through a single factor.
C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are not associated with an increased risk of damage in the vasculature.
C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are not associated with an increased risk of damage in the vasculature.
Elevated blood glucose levels do not pose any risk to cardiovascular health.
Elevated blood glucose levels do not pose any risk to cardiovascular health.
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) levels are not mentioned as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) levels are not mentioned as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Atherosclerosis can develop in any part of the vascular system.
Atherosclerosis can develop in any part of the vascular system.
Females are more likely to have below-the-knee pathology than males.
Females are more likely to have below-the-knee pathology than males.
Atherosclerosis can occur only in the proximal lower extremity, and not distal to the knee.
Atherosclerosis can occur only in the proximal lower extremity, and not distal to the knee.
The reaction-to-injury theory completely explains the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
The reaction-to-injury theory completely explains the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Vascular endothelial cell injury can result from prolonged hemodynamic forces, chemical exposure, and chronic hyperlipidemia.
Vascular endothelial cell injury can result from prolonged hemodynamic forces, chemical exposure, and chronic hyperlipidemia.
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