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What is a common symptom of pulmonary tuberculosis?
What does a significant induration result of 5 mm or greater indicate?
What is the primary treatment duration for pulmonary tuberculosis?
Which of the following tests is NOT part of the assessment for pulmonary tuberculosis?
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What does a nonsignificant (negative) skin test result indicate?
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What is the primary purpose of administering appropriate antibiotic therapy before dental procedures in patients with lung abscess?
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Which dietary recommendation is emphasized in the nursing management of patients with lung abscess?
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Which of the following treatments is NOT typically a part of the medical management of a lung abscess?
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What is a potential intervention if there is little or no response to medical management of a lung abscess?
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How long is IV antibiotic therapy generally expected to continue for patients with lung abscess?
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Which of the following may cause pressure leading to atelectasis?
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What are common symptoms of atelectasis?
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Which diagnostic finding is associated with atelectasis?
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What is a primary prevention strategy for atelectasis?
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Which management strategy helps improve ventilation in atelectasis?
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What does the presence of purulent sputum indicate in acute tracheobronchitis?
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Which of the following describes initial manifestations of acute tracheobronchitis?
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In acute tracheobronchitis, what symptom may develop as the infection progresses?
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What symptom may be present in severe tracheobronchitis?
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Which of the following is a treatment component for acute tracheobronchitis?
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Which type of pneumonia is least likely to be acquired in a hospital setting?
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What triggers the inflammatory reaction in pneumonia?
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What is a common misconception about pneumonia's pathophysiology?
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What is NOT a recommended nursing management technique for acute tracheobronchitis?
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In terms of pathophysiology, what is a consequence of venous blood passing through under-ventilated alveoli?
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Which one of the following pneumonia classifications indicates a type acquired outside of medical settings?
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What is a common cause of transudative pleural effusion?
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Which procedure is NOT typically used to confirm the presence of pleural fluid?
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What are the typical clinical manifestations of pneumonia associated with pleural effusion?
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Which statement about exudative pleural effusions is correct?
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What is a notable finding on percussion during a physical examination of pleural effusion?
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Which of the following fluids would likely be analyzed in the diagnostic process of pleural effusion?
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What is the primary objective of treating pleural effusion?
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Which of the following might be a complication leading to pleural effusion?
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Study Notes
ATELECTASIS
Pathophysiology
- Pressure causes atelectasis from pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or hemothorax.
Clinical Manifestations
- Symptoms include insidious dyspnea, cough, and sputum production.
- Acute cases present tachycardia, tachypnea, pleural pain, and central cyanosis.
- Chronic cases may resemble acute symptoms with possible pulmonary infection.
Assessment & Diagnostic Findings
- Increased work of breathing and hypoxemia are key identifiers.
- Decreased breath sounds and crackles over affected lung areas.
- Chest x-ray can suggest atelectasis before symptoms appear.
- Pulse oximetry may show oxygen saturation below 90%.
Prevention
- Frequent turning and early mobilization are critical.
- Lung expansion strategies include using an incentive spirometer and voluntary deep breathing.
- Effective secretion management is essential.
Management
- Focus on improving ventilation and removing secretions.
- First-line measures include turning, ambulation, and lung volume expansion.
- Multidisciplinary approach known as ICOUGH.
- Techniques may involve PEEP, CPAP, bronchoscopy, and thoracentesis.
ACUTE TRACHEOBRONCHITIS
Pathophysiology
- Acute inflammation affects the trachea and bronchial tree, often leading to mucopurulent sputum.
- Potential causes include infection and inhalation of irritants.
Clinical Manifestations
- Initial symptoms include dry cough, scanty mucoid sputum, sternal soreness, fever, and malaise.
- As the condition progresses, patients may experience shortness of breath, noisy breathing, and purulent sputum.
- Severe cases may lead to blood-streaked secretions.
Medical Management
- Treatment typically involves antibiotics with supportive care.
- Procedures like suctioning and bronchoscopy may be necessary for secretions.
- Cool vapor therapy, steam inhalations, and analgesics can be helpful.
Nursing Management
- Encourage bronchial hygiene, including fluid intake and coughing exercises.
- Assist patients in maintaining an upright position.
- Educate on medication adherence and the importance of rest.
PNEUMONIA
Classification
- Four types: Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Health Care–Associated Pneumonia (HCAP), Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP), Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP).
Pathophysiology
- Results from normal flora, aspiration, underlying conditions, or bloodborne pathogens entering the lungs.
- Increased white blood cells and inflammatory response in the alveoli disrupt normal gas exchange.
LUNG ABSCESS
Prevention
- Adequate antibiotic therapy prior to dental procedures for at-risk patients.
- Good dental hygiene is crucial.
Medical Management
- Focus on drainage of the abscess and may require pulmonary resection if complications arise.
- IV antibiotics such as Clindamycin, Ampicillin-sulbactam, and Carbapenems used for treatment.
- Treatment could extend over weeks, transitioning from IV to oral antibiotics.
Nursing Management
- Administer prescribed antibiotics and monitor for side effects.
- Initiate chest physiotherapy to aid in drainage.
- Encourage high-protein and high-calorie nutrition and provide emotional support.
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Assessment & Diagnostic Findings
- Confirmed through positive skin or blood test, sputum culture for acid-fast bacilli, and chest x-ray.
- Mantoux test utilizes tuberculin to check for immune response.
Tuberculin Skin Test
- Reaction of 5 mm or greater may indicate significance based on risk factors.
- A significant reaction does not confirm active disease but indicates exposure.
Medical Management
- Treated with Anti-TB drugs over 6 to 12 months, with potential pleural effusion as a complication.
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Pathophysiology
- Fluid can be clear, bloody, or purulent caused by various underlying conditions.
- Classifications include transudate (common in heart failure) and exudate (due to inflammation or malignancy).
Clinical Manifestations
- Symptoms often stem from underlying diseases, with pneumonia causing fever and pleuritic pain.
- Larger effusions lead to significant dyspnea while smaller ones may cause minimal symptoms.
Assessment & Diagnostic Findings
- Physical exam reveals decreased breath sounds and possible tracheal deviation.
- Confirmed through imaging and analysis of pleural fluid.
Medical Management
- Treatment goals include identifying causes, preventing fluid re-accumulation, and relieving symptoms.
- Specific therapies are tailored to underlying causes of the effusion.
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Description
This quiz covers the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic findings associated with atelectasis. It explores the pressure factors leading to the condition as well as the symptoms to be assessed. Understanding these aspects is crucial for effective diagnosis and management in clinical settings.
