Astronomy Quiz on Black Holes and Stars

True (A)

gravity

<p>cosmology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear fusion = The process where light elements combine to form heavier elements releasing energy. Supernova = The explosion of a massive star at the end of its life. Gravitational lensing = The bending of light around massive objects Redshift = The stretching of wavelength of light due to expansion of space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>General Relativity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cosmic microwave background</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jeanette Gladstone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melanoheliophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>curved</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>300,000 km/s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luminescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>shadow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gregory Sivakoff = Studies black hole jets and winds Sharon Morsink = Focuses on gravitational waves Ross Lockwood = Specializes in quantum mechanics Curtis Brown = Studies interaction of black holes with spacetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interstellar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gravitational Lensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>duality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radio Waves = Low-energy waves Infrared = Low-energy waves UV = High-energy waves Gamma Rays = High-energy waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrostatic equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>blackbody</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen = Primary fuel of main sequence stars Iron = The most stable element, does not provide energy through fusion Helium = Product of hydrogen fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luminosity and surface temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inversely proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>strong</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical reactions = Involve electron interactions Nuclear reactions = Involve changes in atomic nuclei Fusion = Combines lighter nuclei into heavier ones Fission = Splits heavy nuclei into lighter ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>photosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Core = Region where nuclear fusion occurs Photosphere = Visible surface of the Sun Corona = Outermost layer extending into space Convective Zone = Where energy is transported by convection currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elements in the atmosphere absorbing specific wavelengths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the time it takes photons to travel from the sun's core to its surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White dwarf = Low-mass star Neutron star = High-mass star Black hole = High-mass star Red Giant = Low-mass star</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5,500 °C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>evidence of fusion in the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>habitable zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random walk = Path of a photon in the Sun's core Electron degeneracy pressure = Prevents the collapse of a white dwarf Main sequence turnoff = Point where a star exhausts core hydrogen Stellar Winds = Define the habitable zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.4 solar masses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Color (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neutron star or black hole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>electron degeneracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White Dwarf = Formed from low-mass stars Neutron Star = Formed from high-mass stars Black Hole = Formed from the most massive stars</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doppler shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>elliptical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low density (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stellar mass black hole = 3-100 solar masses Intermediate mass black hole = Hundreds to thousands of solar masses Supermassive black hole = Millions to billions of solar masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collapse of a massive star's core (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>spacetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stellar mass black hole orbiting a companion star</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reference frame = A perspective from which motion is measured. Inertial frame = A frame where an object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity. Acoustic Event Horizon = The boundary where sound waves cannot escape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acoustic black hole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elliptical = Smooth, oval-shaped galaxies Spiral = Galaxies with arms of stars Irregular = Galaxies lacking a defined shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time dilation and length contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>speed of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of gravity are locally indistinguishable from those of acceleration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>light cone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three spatial coordinates and a time coordinate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hundreds to thousands of solar masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geodesic = The shortest path through curved spacetime Gravitational Lensing = Bending of light by strong gravitational fields Gravitational Redshift = Lengthening of light's wavelength as it escapes strong gravity Schwarzschild radius = The radius of a non-rotating black hole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>intermediate mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spacetime curvature due to mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using Kepler's Third Law (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rotational motion or simulated acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No Hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White Dwarf Black Holes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matter curves spacetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Special relativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stellar Mass Black Holes = Formed from the collapse of individual stars Supermassive Black Holes = Found at the center of most galaxies Intermediate Mass Black Holes = less massive than supermassive, but more than stellar mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$ \Delta t = \frac{\Delta t_0}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}}}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct collision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>angular momentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eddington</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time dilation = Slowing of perceived time near a black hole Gravitational redshift = Shift of light to longer wavelengths Viscosity = Causes friction and heating in the disc Tidal forces = Stretch and heat material in the disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 times the Schwarzschild radius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gravitational potential and kinetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>supernovae</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compact and near the black hole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Merging of smaller black holes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fill a gap in understanding black hole evolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>companion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-mass stars and high-mass stars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accretion = Gradual accumulation of matter Mergers = Collisions between black holes Roche Lobe = Region around a star affecting mass transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particles moving at velocities close to the speed of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>companion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emission from a rotating jet appears as periodic flashes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are stable locations in a gravitational system where forces balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shifts the wave frequency, causing blueshift when approaching and redshift when receding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Force equals mass times acceleration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>square</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass is constant, and weight varies based on gravitational field. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinetic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>escape velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an object with an escape velocity greater than the speed of light, trapping even light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>event horizon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>General Relativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stellar-Mass Black Holes = Formed from collapsing massive stars Supermassive Black Holes = Found at the centers of galaxies, with millions to billions of times the Sun's mass Primordial Black Holes = Hypothetical small black holes formed in the early universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mysterious force driving the accelerated expansion of the universe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The point of no return around a black hole, beyond which not even light can escape.

The process by which massive stars collapse under their own gravity at the end of their lives, leading to the formation of a black hole.

The bending of light around massive objects like black holes, caused by strong gravity.

A graphical representation showing the relationship between a star's luminosity and temperature, classifying stars into various stages of their life cycle.

The process by which hydrogen atoms fuse together in a star's core, releasing energy and light.

The point in a star's life when its core is primarily made up of iron, which cannot undergo further fusion, leading to a catastrophic collapse.

A massive explosion of a star, marking the end of its life, scattering elements across the cosmos.

The theoretical paths followed by objects through spacetime, influenced by gravity.

The fear of black holes, often stemming from misconceptions about their nature.

The emission of light from heated atoms, like the light produced by stars.

The emission of light from atomic transitions without significant heat, like fluorescence.

Einstein's theory that describes gravity as curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy.

The distance between two successive peaks or troughs in a wave, such as a light wave.

The number of complete wave cycles passing a point per second, often measured in Hertz (Hz).

The energy carried by a single photon of light, related to its frequency and inversely proportional to its wavelength.

The complete range of electromagnetic radiation, spanning from low-energy radio waves to high-energy gamma rays.

The principle that light exhibits wave-like behavior in some situations (like diffraction) and particle-like behavior in others (like energy transfer).

A process where the frequency of light or sound waves changes when the source is moving towards or away from the observer.

A celestial object that emits powerful jets of material and radiation, often associated with supermassive black holes.

A rapidly rotating neutron star that emits beams of radiation, creating pulses as observed from Earth.

A type of neutron star with an exceptionally strong magnetic field, often emitting powerful bursts of X-rays and gamma rays.

Movement of an object toward the observer results in shorter wavelengths, making the light appear bluer.

Movement of an object away from the observer results in longer wavelengths, making the light appear redder.

The Doppler effect applied to light, revealing the motion of stars and galaxies.

Newton's description of gravity as a force pulling objects with mass towards each other, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The strength of gravitational force on a planet's surface, also referred to as weight.

A measure of the amount of matter in an object, remaining constant regardless of location.

The force exerted by gravity on an object, varying based on the gravitational field.

A state where no external contact forces are acting to support an object, creating a sensation of weightlessness.

A state where gravity is the only force acting on an object, leading to a sensation of weightlessness.

The energy of motion, proportional to the square of an object's velocity.

The energy an object possesses due to its position in a gravitational field.

The minimum velocity an object needs to escape the gravitational pull of a planet or celestial body.

A theoretical object where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light, preventing even light from escaping.

The boundary of a black hole, where escape velocity exceeds the speed of light, preventing light from escaping. It matches the early concept of a Dark Star.

Stars undergo a sequence of stages, starting from their birth in stellar nurseries and progressing through active fusion phases before reaching their final stage, which can be a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole.

A massive, luminous sphere of plasma, primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, where energy is generated through nuclear fusion in its core.

Giant clouds of gas and dust within which stars are formed. These clouds are unstable and collapse due to gravity, initiating the process of star formation.

The point at which a star is considered born. This occurs when nuclear fusion begins in its core, converting hydrogen into helium and releasing energy.

The balance between the inward pull of gravity and the outward push of pressure from nuclear fusion, which keeps the star stable.

Groups of stars that are born together. These clusters can vary in size from small groups to massive collections like globular clusters.

A diagram that plots stars based on their luminosity (brightness) and surface temperature. The Main Sequence, representing stars in their primary fusion phase, is a diagonal line on this diagram.

The Sun is a main-sequence star, located in the middle of the Main Sequence on the HR diagram. This indicates its status as a mid-temperature, mid-luminosity star.

The primary fusion phase of a star's life, where hydrogen is burned in the core. This phase dominates the HR diagram, stretching diagonally.

The total energy emitted by a star per unit time. It's a measure of the star's intrinsic brightness.

The brightness of a star as observed from Earth. It depends on both the star's luminosity and its distance from Earth.

Blue stars are hotter and have shorter lifespans, while red stars are cooler and have longer lifespans. This relationship is determined by the star's temperature.

The process by which atoms combine to form heavier ones, releasing energy. It's the energy source for stars.

A nuclear reaction in which hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium, releasing energy. This process powers stars like the Sun.

The energy required to separate a nucleus into its components. It's a measure of the stability of the nucleus.

The stream of neutrinos produced during nuclear fusion, providing direct evidence of fusion reactions in the Sun.

The path a photon takes through the Sun's dense interior, bouncing randomly between particles before it escapes.

The time it takes for photons to travel from the Sun's core to its surface, due to scattering and absorption.

The transfer of heat through direct contact between particles.

The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, like hot air rising and cool air sinking.

The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, like light and heat.

The process where a star leaves the main sequence after it exhausts its core hydrogen.

A star's core that has multiple layers where different elements are undergoing fusion, like an onion.

The process where a star's core contracts under gravity while its outer layers expand, creating red giants or supergiants.

Stars that will eventually become white dwarfs after shedding their outer layers, like our Sun.

Stars that explode as supernovae leaving behind neutron stars or black holes after they exhaust their fuel.

The final stage of a low-mass star's life, a small, dense, extremely hot remnant.

A force that prevents a white dwarf from collapsing under its own gravity.

The zone around a star where conditions might allow for liquid water and therefore potentially life.

The limit of mass a white dwarf can have before collapsing into a supernova. It's approximately 1.4 times the mass of the sun.

A type of supernova explosion that occurs when a white dwarf exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit and collapses.

The process where a star's core collapses due to the lack of fusion, resulting in a massive explosion called a supernova.

A powerful cosmic explosion that occurs at the end of a star's life. It releases enormous energy, producing heavy elements and leaving behind a neutron star or black hole.

A dense, compact object formed from the core of a massive star after a supernova explosion. It's composed primarily of neutrons.

A region in spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They are formed from the collapse of massive stars.

A type of pressure that resists the collapse of a star's core. It's caused by neutrons being packed tightly together.

Powerful bursts of gamma rays that originate from some supernovae or the collision of neutron stars. They are the most energetic events in the universe.

The fundamental force that governs the evolution of stars. It causes stellar collapse and the formation of compact objects.

A combination of three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. It forms the basis for understanding motion, gravity, and the structure of the universe.

A perspective from which motion is measured. It can be stationary or moving relative to other frames.

A reference frame where an object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity unless acted upon by a force.

The balance point of a binary system, where the masses of two objects determine their relative distances from this point.

Changes in the wavelength of light due to the motion of stars in a binary system.

A set of laws describing planetary motion, applicable to binary star systems.

Black holes with masses between 3 and 100 times the mass of our Sun.

Black holes with masses ranging from hundreds to thousands of solar masses.

Black holes with masses ranging from millions to billions of solar masses.

Supermassive black holes that are actively accreting matter, emitting light and energy across the electromagnetic spectrum.

The point beyond which material from a companion star will flow directly onto a black hole.

A disc of hot gas and dust that forms around a black hole as material spirals inwards.

A region of hot plasma above the accretion disc, emitting high-energy X-rays.

The two main ways material is transferred from a companion star to a black hole.

The process of material falling onto a massive object, such as a black hole.

The rotation of material around a black hole, causing it to flatten into a disc.

The rate at which a black hole can accrete material without expelling it due to radiation pressure.

The friction within an accretion disc caused by viscosity, resulting in heating and inward movement of material.

The closest stable circular orbit around a black hole, beyond which material falls into the black hole.

The breakdown of Kepler's laws of planetary motion near black holes due to relativistic effects.

A black hole with a mass between 100 and 100,000 solar masses, often found in dense star clusters and dwarf galaxies.

The gradual process of a black hole gaining mass by attracting and consuming matter from its surroundings.

The process of two black holes merging into one, increasing its mass and size.

A region around a star where its gravitational influence is strongest. Material overflows from the star's Roche Lobe and is transferred to its companion.

Locations within a binary system where gravitational forces from both objects are balanced.

Powerful streams of matter and energy ejected from the vicinity of a black hole, moving at near-light speeds.

A jet in which particles move at velocities close to the speed of light, causing relativistic effects.

A hypothesized type of black hole that formed shortly after the Big Bang, with a mass much smaller than stellar black holes.

The radius around a black hole where its gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.

A binary system containing a black hole and a companion star, where the black hole often accretes material from its companion.

A well-studied black hole binary system, discovered through its X-ray emissions.

The phenomenon of a rotating black hole jet's emission appearing as periodic flashes, similar to a lighthouse beam.

Stars orbiting black holes can be either low-mass stars or high-mass stars. Both types can transfer material to the black hole, but through different methods. Why is this?

A way for a star to lose its mass, where material is transferred to its companion through stellar winds.

A model for understanding black hole evolution, where IMBHs are thought to be crucial steps in forming supermassive black holes.

The phenomena where time appears to pass slower for an object traveling at near light speed, compared to a stationary object.

The effect where objects moving at relativistic speeds appear to shrink in length along the direction of motion.

A thought experiment in special relativity where two identical twins are separated, one traveling near the speed of light, and the other staying stationary. When reunited, the traveling twin is younger due to time dilation.

The principle stating that local effects of gravity are indistinguishable from acceleration.

A visualization tool for spacetime curvature, describing how massive objects create 'dents' in a stretched rubber sheet, affecting the paths of nearby objects.

A consequence of strong gravitational fields, where time appears to slow down for objects or observers in such a field.

The lengthening of a light wave's wavelength as it escapes a strong gravitational field.

A non-rotating, spherically symmetric black hole defined only by its mass, without charge or spin.

A theorem stating that black holes are fully characterized by only three properties: mass, charge, and spin. All other characteristics are irrelevant.