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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary characteristics of asthma symptoms?
What is one of the primary characteristics of asthma symptoms?
- Persistent fever.
- Chest tightness. (correct)
- Abdominal pain.
- Nasal congestion.
Which of the following is a typical symptom of asthma?
Which of the following is a typical symptom of asthma?
- Rash on the skin.
- Fatigue upon exertion.
- Coughing, especially at night. (correct)
- Coughing predominantly during the day.
Which of the following best describes asthma as a disease?
Which of the following best describes asthma as a disease?
- A chronic inflammatory disease. (correct)
- A bacterial lung infection.
- A dietary deficiency.
- An acute viral infection.
What type of allergens are categorized as communal?
What type of allergens are categorized as communal?
When diagnosed, what symptom of asthma is most specifically associated with expiration?
When diagnosed, what symptom of asthma is most specifically associated with expiration?
Which of the following is NOT considered an allergen type related to asthma?
Which of the following is NOT considered an allergen type related to asthma?
Among the following, which is a respiratory symptom that indicates the onset of an asthma attack?
Among the following, which is a respiratory symptom that indicates the onset of an asthma attack?
What is a key factor in the etiology of asthma?
What is a key factor in the etiology of asthma?
What type of pneumonia is typically associated with weakened immune systems?
What type of pneumonia is typically associated with weakened immune systems?
Which test is used to measure the level of nitric oxide in exhaled air?
Which test is used to measure the level of nitric oxide in exhaled air?
In aspiration pneumonia, what types of foreign substances commonly enter the lungs?
In aspiration pneumonia, what types of foreign substances commonly enter the lungs?
Which imaging tests can be used for assessing pneumonia?
Which imaging tests can be used for assessing pneumonia?
Lobar pneumonia primarily affects which structures in the lungs?
Lobar pneumonia primarily affects which structures in the lungs?
What is a common symptom of asthma exacerbations?
What is a common symptom of asthma exacerbations?
Which of the following tests would be used to test for signs of a viral or bacterial infection in the lungs?
Which of the following tests would be used to test for signs of a viral or bacterial infection in the lungs?
Which condition can cause viral pneumonia?
Which condition can cause viral pneumonia?
What is the primary characteristic of pleurisy?
What is the primary characteristic of pleurisy?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with pneumonia?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with pneumonia?
What does the term 'atelectasis' refer to?
What does the term 'atelectasis' refer to?
How does septicemia differ from sepsis?
How does septicemia differ from sepsis?
Which of the following is a potential complication of pneumonia in vulnerable populations?
Which of the following is a potential complication of pneumonia in vulnerable populations?
Which symptom indicates the use of accessory muscles for breathing?
Which symptom indicates the use of accessory muscles for breathing?
What imaging test is utilized to check for fluid or pus in the lungs?
What imaging test is utilized to check for fluid or pus in the lungs?
Which of the following options is a sign of endobronchial obstruction?
Which of the following options is a sign of endobronchial obstruction?
What is the most common type of atelectasis?
What is the most common type of atelectasis?
Which condition is primarily associated with adhesive atelectasis?
Which condition is primarily associated with adhesive atelectasis?
What is a common cause of obstructive atelectasis in children?
What is a common cause of obstructive atelectasis in children?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with atelectasis?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with atelectasis?
What condition can lead to relaxation/passive atelectasis?
What condition can lead to relaxation/passive atelectasis?
Which of the following factors does NOT cause non-obstructive atelectasis?
Which of the following factors does NOT cause non-obstructive atelectasis?
Rounded atelectasis is particularly observed in patients with which condition?
Rounded atelectasis is particularly observed in patients with which condition?
Which cause of atelectasis is primarily due to physical blockage?
Which cause of atelectasis is primarily due to physical blockage?
What role does an incentive spirometer play in patient care?
What role does an incentive spirometer play in patient care?
What symptom is commonly associated with chest pain or angina pectoris?
What symptom is commonly associated with chest pain or angina pectoris?
Which diagnostic test uses ultrasound to assess cardiac structure and mobility?
Which diagnostic test uses ultrasound to assess cardiac structure and mobility?
Which laboratory test is directly associated with the risk of heart disease due to high levels?
Which laboratory test is directly associated with the risk of heart disease due to high levels?
What is a common nursing intervention for patients experiencing hypertension?
What is a common nursing intervention for patients experiencing hypertension?
What does an exercise stress test primarily assess?
What does an exercise stress test primarily assess?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a cardiovascular event?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a cardiovascular event?
Which factor is associated with the development of high triglycerides?
Which factor is associated with the development of high triglycerides?
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Study Notes
Asthma
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
- It is a respiratory allergic disease that develops under the influence of allergens.
- Common allergens that trigger asthma attacks can be categorized as:
- Communal: house dust mites, pet dander, mold, cockroaches, tobacco smoke
- Industrial: dusts, chemical fumes
- Occupational: dusts, chemicals, mold
- Natural: pollen, animal dander
- Pharmacological: antibiotics, vaccines, serums
- Symptoms of asthma include:
- Chest tightness, pain or pressure
- Coughing (especially at night)
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing
- Asthma is diagnosed through medical history, a physical exam, spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide testing, and additional tests if necessary.
- Complications of asthma include:
- Endobronchial obstruction
- Atelectasis
- Lung abscess
- Pleurisy
- Septicemia
- Sepsis
- Worsened chronic conditions
- Death
Pneumonia
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation of the air sacs (alveoli).
- It is typically caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
- Symptoms of pneumonia can include:
- Shaking chills
- High fever
- Stabbing chest pain that worsens with breathing
- Rapid breathing
- Coughing, often bringing up phlegm
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Different types of pneumonia include:
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Viral pneumonia
- COVID-19 pneumonia
- Fungal pneumonia
- Aspiration pneumonia
- Based on location, pneumonia is often classified as:
- Lobar pneumonia: involving one or more lobes of a lung
- Bronchopneumonia: involving the bronchioles and surrounding lung tissues
- Pneumonia is diagnosed through chest X-ray, blood tests, and tests of phlegm.
- Nursing interventions for pneumonia focus on:
- Promoting respiratory health
- Supporting rest and recovery
- Ensuring proper nutrition
- Education and support
Atelectasis
- Atelectasis is the collapse of a lung or part of a lung.
- It can be caused by obstruction of the airway or by factors that affect the lung's ability to expand.
- Two main types of atelectasis:
- Obstructive atelectasis: due to a physical blockage of airflow
- Non-obstructive atelectasis: due to factors that affect the lung's ability to expand
- Causes of atelectasis include:
- Mucus plug
- Inhaled object
- Tumor in a major airway
- Blood clot
- Injury
- Pleural effusion
- Pneumonia
- Pneumothorax
- Symptoms of atelectasis include:
- Trouble breathing (shortness of breath)
- Increased heart rate
- Coughing
- Chest pain
- Skin and lips turning blue
- Nursing interventions for atelectasis focus on:
- Encouraging coughing and deep breathing exercises
- Using an incentive spirometer
- Repositioning the patient frequently
- Administering analgesics to control pain
- Humidifying inspired air
- Adequate fluid intake
- Postural drainage and chest percussion
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of the coronary arteries due to plaque build-up.
- Risk factors for CAD include:
- High blood cholesterol and triglycerides
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Uncontrolled diabetes
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Obesity
- Uncontrolled stress and anger
- Unhealthy diet
- Symptoms of CAD can include:
- Chest pain (Angina pectoris): may radiate to the left shoulder, arms, neck, back, or jaw
- Chest discomfort, heaviness, tightness, pressure, aching, burning, numbness, fullness, or squeezing
- Shortness of breath
- Irregular heart beats or rapid heart beats
- Dizziness
- Sweating
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Palpitations
- Diagnostic tests for CAD include:
- ECG/EKG: measures electrical activity, rate, and regularity of the heartbeat
- Echocardiogram: uses ultrasound to assess cardiac structure and mobility
- Exercise stress test: measures heart rate while exercising, assessing heart function under stress
- Heart CT scan: identifies calcium deposits in arteries
- Cardiac catheterization: assesses oxygen levels, blood flow, cardiac structures, and coronary arteries
- Angiogram: uses contrast medium to visualize the heart and blood vessels
- Laboratory tests for CAD include:
- Hemoglobin: reduced levels increase the risk of oxygen deficit
- Total cholesterol: high levels increase the risk of heart disease
- LDL (low-density lipoprotein): considered “bad cholesterol”, high levels contribute to plaque buildup
- HDL (high-density lipoprotein): considered “good cholesterol”, helps remove bad cholesterol
- Triglycerides: high levels increase the risk of heart disease
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