ASD Biomarkers and Comorbidities Quiz

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Which cytokine was found to be elevated in the brain and whole blood of ASD patients compared to controls?

IL-6

IL-4

TNF-α

IFN-γ (correct)

Which cytokine is mainly produced by M1 macrophages and is important for NF-kB activation, a transcription factor and an essential regulator of inflammatory genes?

IL-6

TNF-α (correct)

IFN-γ

IL-4

Which pro-inflammatory cytokine was found to have a significant production in monocytes of ASD patients compared to controls when their PBMCs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro?

IL-6 (correct)

IL-4

IFN-γ

TNF-α

Which cytokine was found to induce T-helper 17 (Th17) response?

IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine was found to have an elevated level in the serum of mothers of individuals who were later diagnosed with autism during mid-gestation?

IFN-γ Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is known to activate CD4+ T-helper 1 (Th1) response?

IFN-γ Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine showed an increased NF-kB binding activity to DNA in the PBMCs of ASD patients?

TNF-α Signup and view all the answers

Which body fluid is the most common site for biomarker discovery in ASD patients?

Blood Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the comorbidities that may accompany ASD?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Signup and view all the answers

At what age is ASD typically diagnosed?

6 years old Signup and view all the answers

Why are early behavioral interventions important in ASD?

To improve cognitive performance and language skills Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of identifying biomarkers of ASD?

To understand biological characteristics of the disorder and aid in early screening Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the potential division of services related to assessing and managing neurodevelopmental problems?

Fragmentation of services Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for the lack of effective drugs to alleviate core ASD symptoms?

Complexity and heterogeneity of ASD Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of early screening for ASD?

Supporting cognitive and language skills development Signup and view all the answers

What is the general outcome of Precision Medicine approaches to ASD?

Identification of potential biomarkers for early screening Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can directly affect the epigenetic machinery?

Environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What role does the placenta play in fetal programming, according to the text?

It drives the metabolic and epigenetic regulation of fetal programming. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, how is the epigenome programmed?

It is programmed in an adaptive and predictive sense by the intrauterine and cellular microenvironment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the crucial time window for brain wiring, according to the text?

The first two years of life Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what may influence the impact of rare mutations on the phenotypic outcome?

Genomic background (the sum of common variants) Signup and view all the answers

How may the genomic background act, according to the text?

It may act as a buffer that diminishes or increases the deleterious effect of rare variants (CNVs). Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what may be sufficient to cause ASD in an individual with a high load of common ASD risk variants?

A small burden of rare risk genes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms may continue to undermine human health lifelong?

Environmental factors and the 'bad trio' (MD/ROS/MIA/dysbiosis) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of observed variance in ASD that environmental influences account for?

5-6% Signup and view all the answers

In human studies comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins, what has been consistently revealed regarding environmental influences in ASD?

They account for 5-6% of variance Signup and view all the answers

How do critical periods impact neuronal development according to the text?

They influence brain development stages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that could influence the timing of neuronal development according to the text?

Genetic factors related to gene expression timing Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about individuals with a genetic background involving few common risk variants in relation to ASD?

They require a lower burden of deleterious mutations Signup and view all the answers

In brain development, what helps refine gene expression and intrinsic neuronal activity according to the text?

Interactions with the environment Signup and view all the answers

When do genes involved in cell proliferation tend to be expressed compared to genes involved in synaptogenesis or myelination?

Before genes involved in synaptogenesis or myelination Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about the impact of environmental influences on ASD development compared to genetic factors based on the text?

Environmental factors have a higher impact Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mitochondrial dysfunction and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is correct?

Mitochondrial abnormalities, such as increased hydrogen peroxide, reduced NADH, and mitochondrial DNA overreplication, have been observed in lymphocytes isolated from individuals with ASD. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biomarkers has been identified as part of a signature metabolomic pattern highly sensitive and specific in predicting ASD patients using plasma samples?

Creatinine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the relationship between neurodevelopmental regression (NDR) and mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD is correct?

Mitochondrial dysfunction is more common in individuals with ASD and NDR compared to those with ASD without NDR. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about the prevalence of mitochondrial diseases in ASD is correct?

The prevalence of mitochondrial diseases in ASD is 4-5%, which is markedly higher than in the general population (around 0.01%). Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following statements about altered immune response in ASD is correct?

Altered immune response is evident in ASD, but the nature of the alteration is unknown. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is mentioned in the text as part of the signature metabolomic pattern used to predict ASD patients?

3-aminoisobutyric acid Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about mitochondrial biomarkers in ASD is correct?

Lactate, AST, pyruvate, and creatine kinase levels are typically elevated in children with ASD, while carnitine levels are decreased. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and ASD is correct?

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a potential contributing factor to ASD, but its role is not fully understood. Signup and view all the answers

ASD Biomarkers and Comorbidities Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which cytokine was found to be elevated in the brain and whole blood of ASD patients compared to controls?

Which cytokine is mainly produced by M1 macrophages and is important for NF-kB activation, a transcription factor and an essential regulator of inflammatory genes?

Which pro-inflammatory cytokine was found to have a significant production in monocytes of ASD patients compared to controls when their PBMCs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro?

Which cytokine was found to induce T-helper 17 (Th17) response?

Which cytokine was found to have an elevated level in the serum of mothers of individuals who were later diagnosed with autism during mid-gestation?

Which cytokine is known to activate CD4+ T-helper 1 (Th1) response?

Which cytokine showed an increased NF-kB binding activity to DNA in the PBMCs of ASD patients?

Which body fluid is the most common site for biomarker discovery in ASD patients?

What is one of the comorbidities that may accompany ASD?

At what age is ASD typically diagnosed?

Why are early behavioral interventions important in ASD?

What is the main purpose of identifying biomarkers of ASD?

Which term describes the potential division of services related to assessing and managing neurodevelopmental problems?

What is a key reason for the lack of effective drugs to alleviate core ASD symptoms?

What is a significant benefit of early screening for ASD?

What is the general outcome of Precision Medicine approaches to ASD?

Which of the following factors can directly affect the epigenetic machinery?

What role does the placenta play in fetal programming, according to the text?

According to the passage, how is the epigenome programmed?

What is the crucial time window for brain wiring, according to the text?

According to the passage, what may influence the impact of rare mutations on the phenotypic outcome?

How may the genomic background act, according to the text?

According to the passage, what may be sufficient to cause ASD in an individual with a high load of common ASD risk variants?

Which of the following mechanisms may continue to undermine human health lifelong?

What is the approximate percentage of observed variance in ASD that environmental influences account for?

In human studies comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins, what has been consistently revealed regarding environmental influences in ASD?

How do critical periods impact neuronal development according to the text?

Which of the following is a factor that could influence the timing of neuronal development according to the text?

What is suggested about individuals with a genetic background involving few common risk variants in relation to ASD?

In brain development, what helps refine gene expression and intrinsic neuronal activity according to the text?

When do genes involved in cell proliferation tend to be expressed compared to genes involved in synaptogenesis or myelination?

What is suggested about the impact of environmental influences on ASD development compared to genetic factors based on the text?

Which of the following statements about mitochondrial dysfunction and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is correct?

Which of the following biomarkers has been identified as part of a signature metabolomic pattern highly sensitive and specific in predicting ASD patients using plasma samples?

Which of the following statements about the relationship between neurodevelopmental regression (NDR) and mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD is correct?

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about the prevalence of mitochondrial diseases in ASD is correct?

According to the information provided, which of the following statements about altered immune response in ASD is correct?

Which of the following molecules is mentioned in the text as part of the signature metabolomic pattern used to predict ASD patients?

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about mitochondrial biomarkers in ASD is correct?

According to the information provided, which of the following statements about the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and ASD is correct?

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