Ascariasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Ascariasis

Ascariasis is an infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It primarily affects the small intestine and can cause respiratory and gastrointestinal problems. Ascariasis is a common disease, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 804 million cases in 2013. It is most prevalent in tropical and developing countries where it is perpetuated by contamination of soil by human feces or the use of untreated feces as fertilizer. The disease is also known to exist as a zoonotic infection associated with pigs, but it is more likely transmitted from person to person in endemic areas.

Symptoms of Ascariasis

In most cases, ascariasis is asymptomatic and causes no noticeable harm. However, symptomatic ascariasis occurs during the adult worm's intestinal or larval migration phase and may manifest as growth pneumonitis, intestinal obstruction, or hepatobiliary and pancreatic injury.

Diagnosis of Ascariasis

Diagnosis of ascariasis is typically made by observing the roundworms in the stool or occasionally in the nose. In some cases, laboratory tests such as stool examinations to detect ova and parasites may be used.

Prevention of Ascariasis

Prevention of ascariasis primarily relies on improving sanitation and hygiene practices. This includes washing hands regularly, especially before handling food, and ensuring proper disposal of human waste. Improved farming practices, food hygiene, and the availability of clean drinking water are also important in preventing the spread of the disease.

Treatment of Ascariasis

Treatment of ascariasis involves the use of anthelmintic drugs, such as albendazole or mebendazole. These medications are effective in eliminating the worms from the body. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required for monitoring and supportive care.

Causes of Ascariasis

Ascariasis is caused by the ingestion of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, usually through contaminated soil or food. In some cases, the disease can also be transmitted through contaminated water or by physical contact with an infected person. Factors such as poor sanitation, living in areas with high population density, and poor hygiene practices can increase the risk of contracting ascariasis.