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Questions and Answers
What is the relationship defined by the formula $x = \theta \times r$?
What is the relationship defined by the formula $x = \theta \times r$?
Which formula correctly represents rotational kinetic energy?
Which formula correctly represents rotational kinetic energy?
How is torque ($\tau$) defined in relation to force ($F$) and radius ($r$)?
How is torque ($\tau$) defined in relation to force ($F$) and radius ($r$)?
What does the parallel axis theorem help calculate?
What does the parallel axis theorem help calculate?
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Which factor does NOT affect the period of simple harmonic motion (SHM)?
Which factor does NOT affect the period of simple harmonic motion (SHM)?
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What is the expression for angular momentum ($L$) when type of motion is considered?
What is the expression for angular momentum ($L$) when type of motion is considered?
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Under what circumstance does angular momentum remain constant?
Under what circumstance does angular momentum remain constant?
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Which equation describes the relationship between angular velocity ($\omega$), angular acceleration ($\alpha$), and time ($t$)?
Which equation describes the relationship between angular velocity ($\omega$), angular acceleration ($\alpha$), and time ($t$)?
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What is represented by the spring constant ($k$) in Hooke's Law?
What is represented by the spring constant ($k$) in Hooke's Law?
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What effect does increasing the radius ($r$) have on torque ($\tau$) if the force ($F$) remains constant?
What effect does increasing the radius ($r$) have on torque ($\tau$) if the force ($F$) remains constant?
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Study Notes
ASB 2023 G11 Physics C Review
- Review materials created by Shao Yixuan (11-5), Wei En (11-2), and Gao Tianhong (11-1)
- Reviewed by the Physics Club
Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension
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Reference Frames & Displacement:
- A reference frame is needed to measure position, distance, and speed.
- Displacement is the change in position of an object from its initial position.
- Displacement is a vector, having both magnitude and direction.
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Average Velocity:
- Average speed = total distance / total time
- Average velocity = displacement / time
- Velocity is a vector, having both magnitude and direction.
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Instantaneous Velocity:
- Instantaneous velocity is the average velocity over an infinitesimally small time interval.
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Acceleration:
- Acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time.
- Acceleration is a vector. Positive acceleration means increasing speed; negative acceleration (deceleration) means decreasing speed.
- Acceleration can occur with a change in speed or with a change in direction.
Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors
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Vectors and Scalars:
- Vectors have both magnitude and direction while Scalars only have magnitude.
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Addition of Vectors - Graphical Methods:
- The method of adding vectors by placing the head of one vector to the tail of the next vector sums the vectors graphically
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Components of vectors:
- Break down vectors into component vector such as vertical and horizontal component as well as component in other directions.
Projectile Motion
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Horizontal Motion:
- Horizontal velocity is constant (ax = 0).
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Vertical Motion:
- Vertical motion is affected by gravity (ay = –g). This is similar to freefall.
- Combining Motion: Equations for horizontal motion (x) and vertical motion (y) equations can be used for combined analysis
Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion
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Force:
- Force is a vector.
- Apparent weight = perceived weight.
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Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia):
- An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
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Newton's Second Law of Motion:
- The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of acceleration is in the direction of the net force. (F=ma)
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Newton's Third Law of Motion:
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Friction
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Static Friction (fs):
- Acts to prevent an object from sliding when a force tries to move it.
- Maximum value is fsmax
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Kinetic Friction (fk):
- Acts when an object is already sliding across a surface.
- It is usually less than fsmax
- Direction is opposite the motion
Work and Energy
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Work:
- Work is done when a force causes movement in the direction of the force. (W=F.d cos θ)
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Work Done by a Varying Force:
- Work is done through the integral. Integration over the force applied over the distance(F(x)dx).
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Kinetic Energy:
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. (KE=1/2mv²)
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Work-Energy Theorem:
- The net work done on an object is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy.
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Gravitational Potential Energy:
- Energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field. (GPE = mgh)
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Potential Energy (General):
- Potential energy is the energy associated with a force and position of an object (Force = -dU/dx). U = potential energy.
Power
- The rate at which work is done (P=W/t)
- The rate of energy transfer (P = FV).
Terminal Speed
- Terminal speed occurs when the force due to gravity is equal to the force due to air resistance (mg = kv)
Circular Motion and Gravitation
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Uniform Circular Motion:
- An object moving in a circle at a constant speed.
- There is an acceleration directed toward the center of the circular path, the centripetal force. (centripetal force = mv²/r)
- This motion is governed by an unbalanced force called centripetal force.
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Gravitation:
- Newton's law of universal gravitation: Every particle attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. (Fgrav = Gm1m2/r²)
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Gravitational Acceleration Near Earth's Surface:
- g = GMEarth/r² where r = radius of Earth.
Satellites and "Weightlessness"
- If an object is in orbit around the Earth, it is constantly being accelerated towards the center of the Earth.
Momentum and Impulse
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Momentum:
- Momentum (p=mv) is a vector.
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Impulse:
- Impulse is the change in momentum (impulse = FΔt = mΔv).
Collisions
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Elastic Collision:
- Momentum and energy are conserved. (e.g., billiard balls)
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Inelastic Collision:
- Momentum is conserved, but energy is not. (e.g., two cars colliding, mud sticking to a car).
Rotation
- Torque: The measure of how much a force acting on an object causes the object to rotate. (torque = Frsin θ)
- Rotational Inertia: The measure of how difficult it is to change the rotational velocity of an object.
- Rotational Kinetic Energy: (1/2Iw²).
- Angular Momentum: L= Iω.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of kinematics in one dimension, including reference frames, displacement, and velocity. Created by students and reviewed by the Physics Club, it is a valuable resource for G11 students to reinforce their understanding of motion. Test your knowledge on average and instantaneous velocity, as well as acceleration.
