Artificial Intelligence Problem Solving
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Questions and Answers

What component of a node corresponds to its physical configuration in the state space?

  • n.STATE (correct)
  • n.ACTION
  • n.PATH-COST
  • n.PARENT

    • Which of the following best describes the purpose of the n.PARENT component in a node?

  • It represents the action taken to reach the node.
  • It indicates the cost of reaching the node.
  • It defines the depth of the node in the tree.
  • It is the node that generated the current node. (correct)

    • Which operation on a queue allows you to retrieve and remove the first element?

  • INSERT
  • FETCH
  • POP (correct)
  • EMPTY?

    • What does the completeness of a search strategy refer to?

    <p>The guarantee of finding a solution when one exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of search strategies, what does b represent?

    <p>The branching factor or maximum number of successors of any node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes what is stored in the frontier of a search algorithm?

    <p>The potential nodes available for expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does n.PATH-COST represent in a node structure?

    <p>The cost to reach the node from the initial state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dimensions is NOT typically used to evaluate search strategies?

    <p>Node Depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal for the agent in Romania?

    <p>Arrive at a specific destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes path cost?

    <p>The numeric cost assigned to a path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of toy problems?

    <p>They illustrate various problem-solving methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an optimal solution refer to in the context of path cost?

    <p>The solution with the lowest path cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the vacuum world scenario, what does the initial state represent?

    <p>Any designated state within the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is abstraction in problem formulation?

    <p>The removal of irrelevant detail from a representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action has no effect if performed in certain boundary conditions in the vacuum world?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be measured by the path cost function?

    <p>The sum of costs of actions taken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT typically included in a state description for route planning?

    <p>Costs associated with fuel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the path cost calculated in the vacuum world?

    <p>Each step counts as one point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of problem is categorized as sensorless in the context of the vacuum world?

    <p>Conformant problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the step cost represented in the context of reaching a goal?

    <p>As c(s, a, s') based on routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of step costs is emphasized in the context presented?

    <p>Step costs are nonnegative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a contingency problem?

    <p>Search and execution are performed concurrently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the vacuum world with multiple locations, how many states are there if n = 3?

    <p>6 states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome of performing the action 'Right' from the location #5 in a sensorless problem?

    <p>Could move to either #6 or another unknown location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a problem-solving agent?

    <p>It utilizes atomic representations of the state of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of search algorithms lack specific information about the problem they are solving?

    <p>Uninformed search algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of goal formulation in problem solving for agents?

    <p>To help organize behavior by limiting objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are informed search algorithms generally more efficient than uninformed ones?

    <p>They receive information which guides them towards solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the performance measure of intelligent agents?

    <p>It typically contains various factors that define success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to actions that do not lead an agent to its goal in a problem-solving scenario?

    <p>They are rejected without further consideration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of problem-solving agents, what does an agent typically focus on during problem formulation?

    <p>Defining the goal and the current situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a scenario where a goal-based agent could simplify its decision-making?

    <p>Adopting the goal of reaching a specific place before a deadline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity of depth-first search?

    <p>O(b^m)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does depth-first search have over breadth-first search?

    <p>Lower space complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does depth-limited search differ from standard depth-first search?

    <p>It limits the depth of the search to prevent infinite loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space complexity of iterative deepening search?

    <p>O(bl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might iterative deepening search generate more nodes than depth-limited search?

    <p>It explores nodes multiple times at different depths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of choosing a poor depth limit in depth-limited search?

    <p>It introduces incompleteness in the search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would depth-first search be less effective?

    <p>In spaces with loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complete nature of iterative deepening search?

    <p>It is complete if the search space is finite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Problem Solving Agents

    • Aim to maximize performance measure
    • Can simplify by adopting a goal and aiming at satisfying it

    Goal Formulation

    • Helps organize behavior by limiting objectives the agent tries to achieve
    • First step in problem solving
    • A goal is a set of world states where its satisfied

    Path Cost

    • Assigns a numeric cost to each path
    • Reflects agent's performance measure
    • Sum of costs of individual actions along the path
    • Step cost: c(s, a, s')
    • Nonnegative

    Optimal Solution

    • Action sequence that leads from the initial state to a goal state
    • Measured by path cost function
    • Lowest path cost among all solutions

    Formulating Problems

    • Model is an abstract mathematical description of the real thing
    • Abstraction is removing detail from a representation

    Toy Problems: Vacuum World

    • States: Agent location and dirt locations
    • Actions: Left, Right, Suck
    • Transition Model: Actions have their expected effects, unless the agent is at the edge or in a clean square
    • Goal Test: Checks whether all squares are clean
    • Path Cost: Each step costs 1

    Problem Types

    • Deterministic, fully observable: Solution is a single sequence
    • Non-observable: Solution is a sequence
    • Nondeterministic and/or partially observable: Solutions are sequences that account for new information from the environment, often interleaving search and execution
    • Unknown state space: Solution requires exploration of the environment

    Search Algorithms

    • Strategies are evaluated based on completeness, optimality, time & space complexity
    • Time complexity expresses how long it takes to find a solution
    • Space complexity expresses how much memory is needed to perform the search
    • Complete in finite spaces only
    • Time complexity: O(bm)
    • Space complexity: O(bm)
    • No: Not optimal
    • Complete
    • Time complexity: Similar to breadth-first search for shallow solutions
    • Space complexity: O(bd)
    • Yes: Optimal

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    Related Documents

    Solving Problems by Searching (Module 2) PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of problem-solving agents in artificial intelligence, including goal formulation, path cost, and optimal solutions. It also discusses toy problems like the Vacuum World to illustrate these concepts. Test your understanding of how these elements work together to create intelligent behaviors.

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