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Questions and Answers
What are the four basic kinds of agent programs that embody the principles of intelligent systems?
What are the four basic kinds of agent programs that embody the principles of intelligent systems?
- Learning Agents
- Model-based reflex agents (correct)
- Utility-based agents (correct)
- Simple reflex agents (correct)
- Goal-based agents (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an agent's environment?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an agent's environment?
- Dynamic
- Episodic
- Multiagent
- Fully observable
- Discrete
- Sequential
- Static
- Partially observable
- Stochastic
- Interactive (correct)
- Single agent
- Deterministic
- Continuous
A fully observable environment requires the agent to maintain an internal state to keep track of the world.
A fully observable environment requires the agent to maintain an internal state to keep track of the world.
False (B)
Which of the following statements about deterministic environments is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about deterministic environments is TRUE?
Match the following agent types with their descriptions.
Match the following agent types with their descriptions.
In sequential environments, the agent's current decision can impact future decisions.
In sequential environments, the agent's current decision can impact future decisions.
Static environments present challenges for agents because the environment continuously changes.
Static environments present challenges for agents because the environment continuously changes.
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a semi-dynamic environment?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a semi-dynamic environment?
Taxi driving is considered a discrete environment.
Taxi driving is considered a discrete environment.
A single-agent environment implies that multiple agents are interacting within the environment.
A single-agent environment implies that multiple agents are interacting within the environment.
The simplest environment is characterized by full observability, deterministic nature, and a single agent.
The simplest environment is characterized by full observability, deterministic nature, and a single agent.
Which of the following environments is NOT considered fully observable?
Which of the following environments is NOT considered fully observable?
The agent program's function is to map percept sequences to actions.
The agent program's function is to map percept sequences to actions.
An agent's architecture encompasses the physical components such as sensors and actuators.
An agent's architecture encompasses the physical components such as sensors and actuators.
What is the key function responsible for updating the agent's internal state representation in a model-based reflex agent?
What is the key function responsible for updating the agent's internal state representation in a model-based reflex agent?
Goal-based agents are inherently less efficient than reflex-based agents.
Goal-based agents are inherently less efficient than reflex-based agents.
Utility-based agents rely on goals to guide their actions, similar to goal-based agents.
Utility-based agents rely on goals to guide their actions, similar to goal-based agents.
Which component of a learning agent is responsible for suggesting actions that lead to new and informative experiences?
Which component of a learning agent is responsible for suggesting actions that lead to new and informative experiences?
Flashcards
PEAS
PEAS
Performance measure, environment, actuators, sensors. A method for describing an agent's task environment
Fully observable environment
Fully observable environment
An environment where an agent's sensors provide a complete picture of the current state.
Partially observable environment
Partially observable environment
An environment where an agent's sensors may provide incomplete or inaccurate information about the current state.
Deterministic environment
Deterministic environment
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Stochastic environment
Stochastic environment
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Agent
Agent
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Actuators
Actuators
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Sensors
Sensors
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Study Notes
Lecture Notes 3: Artificial Intelligence
- Outlines:
- Nature of environment
- Structure of Agents
- Types of agent program
The Nature of Environments
- To design a rational agent, the task environment (PEAS) must be specified.
- Performance measure: How will the agent's performance be evaluated?
- Environment: What elements exist in the agent's surroundings?
- Actuators: How does the agent affect the environment?
- Sensors: How does the agent perceive the environment?
- The first step in designing an agent is to clearly define the task environment.
Examples of Environments
- Satellite image system: Correct image categorization.
- Part-picking robot: Percentage of parts in correct bins.
- Interactive English tutor: Maximize student's score on tests. (Specific example environments).
- Downlink from satellite, Conveyor belt with parts/bins
- Display categorization/scene, Jointed arm and hand, Camera, joint angle sensors
- Set of students, testing agency; Display exercises, suggestions, corrections
Environments Types
- Fully observable vs. partially observable:
- Fully observable: Agent's sensors provide complete state information.
- Partially observable: Agent's sensors may be inaccurate or incomplete. (Taxi driver, vacuum cleaner)
- Deterministic vs. stochastic:
- Deterministic: Next state is fully predictable from current state and action. (Chess)
- Stochastic: Uncertainty about the next state. (Taxi driver)
- Episodic vs. sequential:
- Episodic: Agent's experience divided into atomic episodes. (Mail sorting robot)
- Sequential: Current decision affects future decisions. (Chess, taxi driver)
- Static vs. dynamic:
- Static: Environment doesn't change while the agent deliberates. (Crossword puzzle)
- Dynamic: Environment changes while the agent deliberates. (Taxi driving)
- Semi-dynamic: Environment doesn't change over time but agent's score changes. (Chess with a clock)
- Discrete vs. continuous:
- Discrete: Limited number of states and actions. (Chess)
- Continuous: Infinite number of states and actions. (Taxi driving)
- Single agent vs. multiagent:
- Single agent: Agent operates alone. (Crossword puzzle)
- Multiagent: Multiple agents interact. (Chess, taxi driving)
The Structure of Agents
- Agent = agent program + architecture
- Agent program: Defines the agent's function (mapping percepts to actions).
- Architecture: Physical device with sensors and actuators. (PC, robotic car)
Agent Program
- The agent program takes the current percept as input and returns an action to the actuator.
- Example function:
function SKELETON-AGENT(percept) returns action.
Types of Agents
- Simple reflex agents:
- Act based on current percept, ignoring past information. (Vacuum cleaner)
- Model-based reflex agents:
- Maintain an internal state of the environment's current state based on sensor information.
- Goal-based agents:
- Agents have goals and choose actions to achieve them.
- Utility-based agents:
- Agents choose actions based on a utility function to maximize happiness based on the achieved state.
Learning Agents
- Learning agents can improve performance in initially unknown environments.
- Structure:
- Learning element, Performance element, Critic, Problem Generator
Readings
- Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach (Stuart Russel and Peter Norvig, 2nd Edition 2009)
- Chapter 2
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