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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism behind lead anemia in cases of moderate lead exposure?
What is the mechanism behind lead anemia in cases of moderate lead exposure?
Which enzyme is negatively impacted by lead toxicity, affecting heme synthesis?
Which enzyme is negatively impacted by lead toxicity, affecting heme synthesis?
What are the markers of lead toxicity associated with the haematologic effects?
What are the markers of lead toxicity associated with the haematologic effects?
In young children with blood lead concentration exceeding 5mg/dL, what are the observed effects according to the text?
In young children with blood lead concentration exceeding 5mg/dL, what are the observed effects according to the text?
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What are some of the behavioral symptoms observed in adults with blood lead concentration between 30 and 100mg/dL?
What are some of the behavioral symptoms observed in adults with blood lead concentration between 30 and 100mg/dL?
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Which age group is more likely to experience decreased learning, cognition, and IQ due to lead toxicity?
Which age group is more likely to experience decreased learning, cognition, and IQ due to lead toxicity?
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What is a common symptom of arsenic chronic toxicity?
What is a common symptom of arsenic chronic toxicity?
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Which antidote is mentioned as ineffective in arsenic chronic toxicities due to the metal's distribution to tissues?
Which antidote is mentioned as ineffective in arsenic chronic toxicities due to the metal's distribution to tissues?
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What symptom is associated with acute cadmium toxicity?
What symptom is associated with acute cadmium toxicity?
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Which organ is noted as the most cadmium-sensitive in cases of chronic toxicity?
Which organ is noted as the most cadmium-sensitive in cases of chronic toxicity?
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What rare disease is associated with cadmium toxicity in Japan?
What rare disease is associated with cadmium toxicity in Japan?
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What symptom is not typically associated with arsenic chronic toxicity?
What symptom is not typically associated with arsenic chronic toxicity?
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In chronic cadmium toxicity, what condition may affect the bones?
In chronic cadmium toxicity, what condition may affect the bones?
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Arsine gas exposure can lead to what acute condition?
Arsine gas exposure can lead to what acute condition?
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Study Notes
Heavy Metal Toxicity
- Heavy metal toxicity is a major concern, as metals are not degradable and can form poisonous soluble compounds.
- Sources of heavy metal toxicity include mining, industry, agriculture, and occupation.
Lead (Pb) Toxicity
- Sources of lead toxicity include:
- Batteries
- Glass, plastics, and ceramics
- Lead-based paints
- Combustion of leaded gasoline
- Metal alloys
- Environmental effects of lead include:
- Water pollution
- Air and soil pollution
- Forms of lead compounds:
- Inorganic lead
- Organo-lead compounds
- Toxicokinetics:
- Inorganic lead: not readily excreted, accumulates in blood, bone, and brain
- Organic lead: volatile, lipid soluble, and readily absorbed through the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
- GIT effects:
- Moderate exposure: constipation and loss of appetite
- High exposure: lead colic, characterized by abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting
- Oral effects:
- High exposure: gingival lead lines (Burton's lines)
- Bone effects:
- Chronic exposure: lead replaces calcium and accumulates in bones
- Haematological effects:
- Moderate exposure: "lead anemia"
- CNS effects:
- Acute exposure: encephalopathy, neurocognitive deficits, tremors, convulsions, mental retardation, and death
- Chronic exposure: decreased learning, cognition, and IQ, hearing impairment, poor postural balance, and behavioral symptoms
- Diagnosis:
- Symptoms: according to age and dose
- Lab tests: blood lead level, aminolevulinic acid in urine, and reduction of active blood ALAD enzyme
- Management:
- Supportive care: treatment of seizures, controlling cerebral oedema
- Antidotes: metal chelators (succimer, disodium calcium EDTA, British Anti-lewisite, and dimercaprol)
Arsenic (As) Toxicity
- Sources:
- Metal hardening
- Insecticides, rodenticides, and fungicides
- Glass industry
- Pigments industry
- Water and food pollutant
- Forms:
- Organic: pentavalent arsenate (As5+)
- Inorganic: trivalent arsenite (As3+), arsine gas (AsH3), and pentavalent arsenate (As5+)
- Symptoms of acute toxicity:
- Hematemesis and abdominal pain
- Rice-water diarrhea
- Garlic-like breath
- Thirst and metallic taste
- Contact dermatitis
- Arsine gas exposure: acute hemolytic anemia and striking chills
- Symptoms of chronic toxicity:
- Stomach pain and diarrhea
- Numbness in hand and feet
- Partial paralysis and blindness
- Chronic lung disease
- Melanosis and keratosis (palms and feet), and black foot disease
- Management:
- Supportive care: exchange transfusion, vigorous hydration, and hemodialysis (if renal failure occurs)
- Antidotes: metal chelators (no benefit in chronic toxicities)
Cadmium (Cd) Toxicity
- Sources:
- Silver mining
- Industrial effluent
- Household cleansers
- Acute vs. chronic cadmium toxicity:
- Acute: GI effects (oral) and local respiratory irritation (inhalation)
- Chronic:
- Kidney: most cadmium-sensitive organ (atrophy)
- Lungs: emphysema
- CVS: hypertension
- Bones: osteomalacia (bone softening)
- Testes: necrosis
- Itai-Itai disease
- Itai-Itai disease:
- Cause: contamination of river water by cadmium from silver mining companies
- Effects: "It hurts-it hurts"
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the symptoms of acute and chronic arsenic (As) toxicity. From hematemesis and garlic-like breath to numbness in hands and feet, this quiz covers a range of manifestations associated with arsenic poisoning.
