Arrays and Stacks in Programming Languages

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of a uniform resource locator (URL)?

Identifying unique web servers

Constructing web pages

Requesting resources on the internet (correct)

Storing different types of files

Which of the following is NOT a type of resource that can be requested using a URL?

Videos

Fonts

Web pages (HTML Documents)

Apps (correct)

What language do the client and server use to communicate?

HTTP(S) (correct)

CSS

JavaScript

HTML

What does DOM stand for in web development?

Document Object Model Signup and view all the answers

When a browser sends a message to a server asking for a webpage, what does the server respond with?

The Document Object Model (DOM) Signup and view all the answers

What does HTML stand for in web development?

Hypertext Markup Language Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) mentioned in the text?

It requires a lot of planning before writing any code. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept does declarative programming focus more on?

Describing the desired results of a program. Signup and view all the answers

How does functional programming differ from imperative programming?

Functional programming is declarative, while imperative programming is not. Signup and view all the answers

What does the declarative programming paradigm mainly emphasize?

Desired results of a program without listing explicit commands. Signup and view all the answers

In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), what can make it hard to manage if not done extensively before coding?

Planning Signup and view all the answers

Which programming paradigm provides a picture of the finished piece of furniture as a template?

Declarative programming Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of arrays in statically typed languages like C or C++?

Arrays can only contain similar data types Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data collection allows both addition and removal of items in a First In Last Out order (FILO)?

Stacks Signup and view all the answers

What makes linked lists different from arrays?

Arrays are dynamic data structures Signup and view all the answers

In which type of language can the base index for arrays be freely chosen?

MATLAB and Pearl Signup and view all the answers

What is the order for adding and removing items in a queue data collection?

First In First Out (FIFO) Signup and view all the answers

What does the first node in a linked list point to?

The head Signup and view all the answers

What is an immutable object?

An object that can't be modified after creation Signup and view all the answers

Why is immutability a central concept in functional programming?

To ensure predictability and avoid lost dataflow Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of functional programming over imperative or object-oriented programming?

More concise, predictable, and easier to test code Signup and view all the answers

Why are algorithms developed using functional programming easier to debug?

Pure functions always produce the same output and have no external values affecting the result Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of functional programming mentioned in the text?

Steep learning curve Signup and view all the answers

In functional programming, why can recursion be memory intensive?

Recursion can affect the speed of your code or program Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a 'while' loop?

To run as long as a specified condition remains true Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a recursive function lacks a base condition?

It will call itself indefinitely Signup and view all the answers

When does a 'while' loop stop execution?

When the condition passed into it evaluates to false Signup and view all the answers

How does an indirect recursive function operate?

By calling other functions that eventually call the original function Signup and view all the answers

In the context of loops and recursions, what is the purpose of having a base condition?

To prevent infinite loop or recursion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of loop is suitable when the number of iterations is known in advance?

'For' loop Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Loops

A loop variable is increased or decreased by a particular value, which is declared in the 3rd part of the loop header, and checked against the loop condition.
If the loop condition is met, the loop runs again.

While Loops

A 'while' loop runs as long as a conditional statement remains true.
It is used when the number of loop runs is unknown.
The loop structure usually looks like this: while (condition) {body}.
The loop condition must be updated within the loop to stop the loop when a certain condition is met.

Recursion

A recursion is a program that calls itself until it reaches a base condition.
A recursive function can call itself directly or indirectly.
A base condition is essential to prevent infinite function calls.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

OOP can be complicated to write and has a steep learning curve.
It requires a lot of planning before writing code, making it difficult to manage if not done properly.

Declarative Programming Paradigm

This paradigm focuses on what a program should accomplish rather than how to achieve it.
It describes the desired results without explicitly listing the commands.
It is involved in functional programming concepts, such as specifying a desired outcome (e.g., a piece of assembled furniture) rather than the steps to achieve it.

Functional Programming

It is a declarative programming paradigm.
It focuses on what a program should accomplish rather than how to achieve it.
It is different from imperative programming, which requires rewriting code when changes are needed.

Web Development

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique address for a particular resource stored on a web server.
The client (browser) and server communicate using HTTP(S) (Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Secure)).
The Document Object Model (DOM) is the collection of all contents inside a web page.

Data Structures

Arrays can have different data types in dynamically typed languages like JavaScript.
Stacks are linear data collections that follow the First In Last Out (FILO) order.
Queues are linear data collections that follow the First In First Out (FIFO) order.
Linked lists are linear data structures with connected nodes, where each node contains data and a memory address to the next node.

Immutability

An immutable object is an object that cannot be modified after creation.
Immutability is central to functional programming, ensuring predictable and debuggable code.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Functional Programming

Advantages: concise, predictable, and easier to test code, with pure functions producing the same output.
Disadvantages: steep learning curve, recursive functions can be memory-intensive, and input/output operations rely on side effects.

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Description

Explore the concepts of arrays in different programming languages, including their indexing and data type restrictions. Learn about the use of stacks in computer science and programming.