Forearm

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Questions and Answers

Which muscle primarily contributes to the supination of a pronated forearm?

  • Biceps brachii (correct)
  • Coracobrachialis
  • Anconeus
  • Brachialis

What is the main function of the long head of the triceps brachii?

  • Flexion of the forearm
  • Adduction of an extended arm (correct)
  • Abduction of the arm
  • Extension of the forearm (correct)

Where does the biceps brachii insert?

  • Medial side of the forearm (correct)
  • Olecranon of ulna
  • Tuberosity of ulna
  • Proximal to the radial groove

Which nerve provides the innervation to the coracobrachialis muscle?

<p>Musculocutaneous nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure lies in the radial canal?

<p>Radial nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ulna in relation to the radius during forearm movement?

<p>It acts as a rotary axis for the radius. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ulna is widened and located at the proximal end?

<p>Proximal end (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the interosseous membrane in the forearm?

<p>It binds the radius and ulna together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The articulation between the radius and ulna allows which of the following movements?

<p>Supination and pronation of the forearm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ulna's position in the forearm?

<p>It is located on the medial aspect of the forearm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome related to the forearm in this course content?

<p>Identify the bones and bony features of the humerus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the head (caput ulnae) of the ulna?

<p>It is the distal narrow end of the ulna. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the olecranon?

<p>Insertion point for the triceps brachii (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the radial notch accommodate?

<p>Head of the radius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is found at the proximal end of the radius?

<p>Head of radius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the interosseous border of the ulna?

<p>Attachment of the interosseous membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ulna is involved in forming the elbow joint?

<p>Trochlear notch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is specifically related to the distal part of the ulna?

<p>Head of ulna (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the articular circumference of the radius?

<p>Articular surface for the proximal radio-ulnar joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures serves as the origin for the supinator muscle?

<p>Supinator crest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the anterior surface of the ulna?

<p>Orientation of the interosseous border (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the radial tuberosity?

<p>Insertion of the biceps brachii (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure on the radius serves as the attachment point for the interosseous membrane?

<p>Interosseous border (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the proximal radio-ulnar joint classified as?

<p>Pivot joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is located at the distal end of the radius?

<p>Dorsal tubercle of Lister (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The humeroradial joint has what shape?

<p>Ball-and-socket (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ulnar notch on the radius?

<p>Articulates with the ulna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following surfaces is NOT associated with the radius?

<p>Dorsal surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the suprastyloid crest located?

<p>On the distal end of the radius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion point of the pronator teres?

<p>Pronator tuberosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The humero-ulnar joint is primarily responsible for which type of movement?

<p>Flexion and extension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the ulnar collateral ligament?

<p>To stabilize the medial side of the elbow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is involved in the pronation movement?

<p>Proximal radio-ulnar joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What degree of flexion is normal for the elbow joint?

<p>0–145° (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the annular ligament of the radius?

<p>To encircle the head of the radius (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for elbow extension?

<p>Triceps brachii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature allows the elbow joint to hyperextend in females?

<p>Smaller sized olecranon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles is responsible for flexing the elbow joint?

<p>Anterior group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT part of the posterior (extensor) group of arm muscles?

<p>Coracobrachialis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a neutral position, how is the elbow joint typically oriented?

<p>Mild flexion and pronation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sacciform recess is located in relation to which part of the elbow joint?

<p>Over the neck of the radius (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Forearm bones

The forearm consists of two bones: the radius and ulna.

Interosseous membrane

A thin, strong fibrous membrane connecting the radius and ulna.

Radio-ulnar joints

Joints formed where the radius and ulna articulate at both ends (superior and inferior).

Ulna location

The ulna is positioned on the medial (pinky side) aspect of the forearm.

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Ulna parts

The ulna has a proximal end (widened), a shaft (corpus ulnae), and distal end (narrow head).

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Pronation/supination

Forearm movements, like rotating the palm up or down, occur at the radio-ulnar joints.

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Forearm function

The forearm, comprising radius and ulna, extends from the elbow to the wrist.

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Olecranon

Part of the ulna, a bone in the forearm. It's the point of the elbow.

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Coronoid process (ulna)

A projection on the ulna, positioned on the anterior/front aspect of the trochlear notch (elbow notch).

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Tuberosity of ulna

A bump on the ulna where a muscle, the brachialis, attaches.

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Radial notch (ulna)

A groove in the ulna that holds the head of the radius.

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Trochlear notch (ulna)

Indent of the ulna that fits into the trochlea of the humerus (another bone in the arm).

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Supinator crest (ulna)

A ridge on the Ulna. A muscle, the supinator, starts on this ridge.

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Head of Radius

Rounded section of the radius bone, located at the proximal end.

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Articular facet (radius)

The smooth area on the head of the radius, meeting the humerus.

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Radius shaft

The long, central part of the radius.

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Proximal radio-ulnar joint

The joint between the radius and ulna, close to the elbow.

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Radial tuberosity

A bump on the radius bone near the elbow where the biceps muscle attaches.

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Elbow joint capsule

Attaches to the humerus, radius, and ulna, encompassing the joint.

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Pronator tuberosity

A bump on the radius where the pronator teres muscle attaches, helping forearm rotation.

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Nutrient foramen

An opening in a bone for blood vessels to reach the inside.

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Ulnar collateral ligament

Triangular ligament on the medial side of the elbow.

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Radial collateral ligament

Ligament on the lateral side of the elbow.

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Interosseous border

The edge of the radius where it touches the ulna, with a membrane connecting them.

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Annular ligament

Ligament that encircles the head of the radius, attached to the ulna.

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Radial styloid process

A bony projection on the lower end of the radius, easily felt.

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Suprastyloid crest

A ridge above the radial styloid process, attaching a forearm muscle.

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Elbow Flexion

Bending the elbow, 0-145 degrees

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Elbow Extension

Straightening the elbow, 0-5 degrees

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Ulnar notch

A groove on the radius for articulation with the ulna, forming a joint.

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Carpal articular surface

The area of the radius that connects to wrist bones (carpals).

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Biceps brachii

Muscle with long and short heads, involved in elbow flexion.

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Triceps brachii

Muscle of the posterior (back) arm, involved in elbow extension.

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Humero-ulnar joint

The joint between the humerus and ulna, part of the elbow.

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Pronation

Turning the forearm so the palm faces down, 0-90 degrees

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Humeroradial joint

The joint between the humerus and radius, part of the elbow.

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Biceps Brachii Function

The biceps brachii muscle has multiple roles: at the shoulder joint: abduction (long head), adduction and ventral flexion (short head). at the elbow joint: supination of a pronated forearm, flexion (only when forearm is supinated).

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Coracobrachialis Muscle

The coracobrachialis muscle originates from the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on the humerus. It's responsible for adduction and ventral flexion of the arm.

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Brachialis Muscle

The brachialis muscle originates from the anterior surface of the distal humerus and inserts on the ulna. It's the primary flexor of the forearm, responsible for bending your elbow.

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Triceps Brachii Heads

The triceps brachii has three heads:

  1. Long Head: originates from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
  2. Lateral Head: originates from the humerus, proximal to the radial groove
  3. Medial Head: originates from the humerus, distal to the radial groove
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Radial Canal Contents

The radial canal, located on the posterior humerus, contains the radial nerve and deep brachial vessels. Its boundaries include the radial groove, the lateral head of triceps brachii, and the medial head of triceps brachii.

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Study Notes

Arm and Forearm Muscles

  • The arm and forearm muscles are divided into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) groups.
  • These groups are involved in movements of the shoulder and elbow joints.

Anatomical Structures

  • Ulna: Located on the medial aspect of the forearm, acting as a rotary axis for the radius during movements like pronation and supination.

    • Contains a proximal end, shaft (body of the ulna) and a distal head.
    • Key features are the trochlear notch, the coronoid process, the radial notch and the ulnar notch.

  • Radius: Located on the lateral aspect of the forearm, plays a part in both pronation and supination movements.

    • Composed of a head, neck, shaft, and a distal end.
    • Key features are the radial notch, radial tuberosity, and styloid process.
    • Radius and ulna are joined by an interosseous membrane that plays a significant role in their movements.

  • Humerus: Involved in elbow and shoulder joint movements.

Elbow Joint

  • The elbow joint is a compound synovial joint articulated by the radius, ulna and humerus.
  • It allows flexion, extension, pronation, and supination movements.

Joints Comprising the Elbow Joint

  • Humero-ulnar: Trochlear shape
  • Humeroradial: Ball-and-socket shape
  • Proximal radio-ulnar: Pivot shape

Elbow Joint Ligaments

  • Ulnar collateral ligament: Found on the medial side of the elbow, a triangular shaped ligament.
  • Radial collateral ligament: Located on the lateral side of the elbow.
  • Annular ligament of radius: Encircles the head of the radius.

Elbow Joint Accessory Ligament

  • Subtendinous bursa of triceps brachii: Located where the triceps muscle tendons are located on the olecranon.

Movements of the Elbow Joint

  • Flexion: 0–145°
  • Extension: 0–5° (hyperextension up to 10° is typical in females)
  • Pronation: 0–90° - radius rotates over the ulna
  • Supination: 0–90° - radius and ulna are parallel
  • Neutral Position: Mild flexion and pronation

Type of Movements (General)

  • Flexion: bending of a joint
  • Extension: straightening of a joint
  • Abduction: moving away from the midline
  • Adduction: moving towards the midline
  • Circumduction: circular movement of a body part
  • Medial Rotation: rotation inward
  • Lateral Rotation: rotation outward
  • Pronation: forearm rotates inwards with palm facing downwards
  • Supination: forearm rotates outwards with palm facing upwards

Muscles of the Arm (Musculi Brachii)

  • Anterior (flexor) group: Biceps brachii, Coracobrachialis, Brachialis, are mainly responsible for flexing the elbow and shoulder
  • Posterior (extensor) group: Triceps brachii, Anconeus, responsible for extending the elbow and shoulder

Muscles of the Forearm (Musculi Antebrachii)

  • Anterior (flexor) group: Divided into four layers with flexor and pronator muscles like Palmaris longus, Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris, Flexor digitorum superficialis.
  • Lateral (radial) group: Includes superficial muscles like Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, and a deep layer muscle, the Supinator.
  • Posterior (extensor) group: Divided into two layers, with muscles like Extensor digitorum, Extensor digiti minimi, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Abductor pollicis longus, Extensor pollicis brevis, Extensor pollicis longus, Extensor indicis.

Radial Canal/Canalis Nervi Radialis

  • Space on the humerus posterior surface, housing the radial nerve and deep brachial vessels.
  • Key boundaries include the radial groove and the lateral and medial heads of the triceps brachii muscles.

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