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Questions and Answers
What is the insertion point of the triceps muscle?
What is the origin of the short head of the biceps muscle?
What is the function of the brachialis muscle?
Which muscle is NOT part of the anterior compartment?
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What is the nerve supply of the posterior compartment?
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What is the common function of the muscles in the anterior compartment?
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What is the function of the Vastus medialis muscle?
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Which nerve innervates the sartorius muscle?
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What is the origin of the Rectus femoris muscle?
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The patellar ligament is not continuous with the quadriceps femoris tendon.
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The Vastus intermedius muscle extends the leg at the __________ joint.
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What is the innervation of the Biceps Femoris muscle?
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Which muscle in the posterior thigh compartment flexes the leg at the knee joint, extends and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint, and laterally rotates the leg at the knee joint?
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The Semitendinosus muscle is innervated by the _____ nerve (L5, S1, S2).
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What is the collective name of the three long muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
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Compartment syndrome occurs when there is swelling within a fascial enclosed muscle compartment in the limbs.
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What are the three arteries that enter the thigh?
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The femoral artery is the continuation of the external iliac artery and begins as the external iliac artery ________.
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Match the following muscles with their functions:
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Study Notes
Arm Muscles
Biceps
- Located in the anterior compartment of the upper arm
- Composed of two heads: long head and short head
- Origin: scapula (long head) and coracoid process (short head)
- Insertion: radial tuberosity
- Functions: flexion of the elbow, forearm supination, and shoulder flexion
Triceps
- Located in the posterior compartment of the upper arm
- Composed of three heads: medial, lateral, and long head
- Origin: scapula (long head) and posterior surface of the humerus (medial and lateral heads)
- Insertion: olecranon process of the ulna
- Functions: extension of the elbow and locking of the elbow joint
Brachialis
- Located in the anterior compartment of the upper arm
- Origin: anterior surface of the humerus
- Insertion: ulnar tuberosity
- Functions: flexion of the elbow
Anterior Compartment
- Muscles: biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis
- Functions: flexion of the elbow, forearm supination, and shoulder flexion
- Nerve supply: musculocutaneous nerve
Posterior Compartment
- Muscles: triceps and anconeus
- Functions: extension of the elbow and locking of the elbow joint
- Nerve supply: radial nerve
Arm Muscles
Biceps
- Located in the anterior compartment of the upper arm
- Composed of two heads: long head and short head
- Originates from the scapula (long head) and coracoid process (short head)
- Inserts into the radial tuberosity
- Functions include flexion of the elbow, forearm supination, and shoulder flexion
Triceps
- Located in the posterior compartment of the upper arm
- Composed of three heads: medial, lateral, and long head
- Originates from the scapula (long head) and posterior surface of the humerus (medial and lateral heads)
- Inserts into the olecranon process of the ulna
- Functions include extension of the elbow and locking of the elbow joint
Brachialis
- Located in the anterior compartment of the upper arm
- Originates from the anterior surface of the humerus
- Inserts into the ulnar tuberosity
- Functions include flexion of the elbow
Muscle Compartments
Anterior Compartment
- Contains muscles: biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis
- Functions include flexion of the elbow, forearm supination, and shoulder flexion
- Supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve
Posterior Compartment
- Contains muscles: triceps and anconeus
- Functions include extension of the elbow and locking of the elbow joint
- Supplied by the radial nerve
Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of Thigh
- The anterior compartment of thigh contains six muscles: sartorius, quadriceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
- These muscles act on the hip and knee joints
- Psoas major and iliacus muscles from the posterior abdominal wall act on the hip joint
- Sartorius and rectus femoris act on both the hip and knee joints
- Vastus muscles act on the knee joint
Quadriceps Femoris Muscle
- Consists of four muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
- Rectus femoris has two heads: straight head and reflected head
- Innervated by the femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
- Functions: flexes the thigh at the hip joint and extends the leg at the knee joint
Sartorius Muscle
- Originates from the anterior superior iliac spine
- Inserts into the medial surface of the tibia just inferomedial to the tibial tuberosity
- Innervated by the femoral nerve (L2, L3)
- Functions: flexes the thigh at the hip joint and extends the leg at the knee joint
Quadriceps Injury
- Includes avulsion of the muscles, proximal musculotendinous tears, and quadriceps tendon disruption
- Proximal injuries of the rectus femoris muscle occur frequently in professional athletes
- Quadriceps tendon disruption is a devastating injury that requires surgical reattachment
Patellar Ligament
- Functionally a continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon below the patella
- Attached above to the apex and margins of the patella and below to the tibial tuberosity
Medial Compartment of Thigh
- Contains six muscles: gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor magnus, obturator externus, and brevis
- Adductor magnus is the largest and deepest muscle in the medial compartment
- Functions: adducts the thigh at the hip joint and extends the leg at the knee joint
Posterior Compartment of Thigh
- Contains three muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (hamstrings)
- Hamstrings act on both the hip and knee joints
- Functions: extend the thigh at the hip joint and flex the leg at the knee joint
Hamstring Injuries
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Include tendon avulsion at the ischial tuberosity, and intermuscular, musculotendinous, and myofascial disruptions within the muscle bellies
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Caused by water skiing, track and field events, football, and soccer injuries, and rapid sprint injuries### Femoral Artery
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The femoral artery is the continuation of the external iliac artery.
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It begins at the level of the inguinal ligament.
Muscles of the Medial Compartment of Thigh
- Gracilis muscle:
- Originates from the external surface of the pubis, inferior pubic ramus, and ramus of the ischium.
- Inserts into the medial surface of the proximal shaft of the tibia.
- Innervated by the obturator nerve (L2, L3).
- Functions: adducts thigh at the hip joint and flexes the leg at the knee joint.
- Pectineus muscle:
- Originates from the pectineal line (pecten pubis) and adjacent bone of the pelvis.
- Inserts into the oblique line extending from the base of the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera on the posterior surface of the proximal femur.
- Innervated by the femoral nerve (L2, L3).
- Functions: adducts and flexes the thigh at the hip joint.
- Adductor longus muscle:
- Originates from the external surface of the body of the pubis (triangular depression inferior to the pubic crest and lateral to the pubic symphysis).
- Inserts into the linea aspera on the middle one-third of the shaft of the femur.
- Innervated by the obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4).
- Functions: adducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip joint.
- Adductor brevis muscle:
- Originates from the external surface of the body of the pubis and inferior pubic ramus.
- Inserts into the posterior surface of the proximal femur and upper one-third of the linea aspera.
- Innervated by the obturator nerve (L2, L3).
- Functions: adducts the thigh at the hip joint.
- Adductor magnus muscle:
- Adductor part: originates from the ischiopubic ramus and inserts into the posterior surface of the proximal femur, linea aspera, and medial supracondylar line.
- Innervated by the obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4).
- Functions: adducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip joint.
- Hamstring part: originates from the ischial tuberosity and inserts into the adductor tubercle and medial supracondylar line.
- Innervated by the sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L2, L3, L4).
- Functions: adducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip joint.
- Obturator externus muscle:
- Originates from the external surface of the obturator membrane and adjacent bone.
- Inserts into the trochanteric fossa.
- Innervated by the obturator nerve (posterior division) (L3, L4).
- Functions: laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint.
Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of Thigh
- Biceps femoris muscle:
- Long head: originates from the inferomedial part of the upper area of the ischial tuberosity.
- Short head: originates from the lateral lip of the linea aspera.
- Inserts into the head of the fibula.
- Innervated by the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2).
- Functions: flexes the leg at the knee joint and extends the thigh at the hip joint.
- Semitendinosus muscle:
- Originates from the inferomedial part of the upper area of the ischial tuberosity.
- Inserts into the medial surface of the proximal tibia.
- Innervated by the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2).
- Functions: flexes the leg at the knee joint and extends the thigh at the hip joint.
- Semimembranosus muscle:
- Originates from the superolateral impression on the ischial tuberosity.
- Inserts into the groove and adjacent bone on the medial and posterior surface of the medial tibial condyle.
- Innervated by the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2).
- Functions: flexes the leg at the knee joint and extends the thigh at the hip joint.
Femoral Artery and Its Branches
- The femoral artery gives rise to several branches, including:
- Superficial epigastric artery
- Superficial external iliac artery
- Superficial external pudendal artery
- Deep external pudendal artery
- Deep artery of the thigh
- Medial circumflex femoral artery
- Lateral circumflex femoral artery
- First, second, and third perforating arteries
- Adductor magnus muscle
- Adductor hiatus
Deep Artery of the Thigh
- The deep artery of the thigh arises from the femoral artery and passes through the adductor hiatus.
- It gives rise to several branches, including:
- Medial circumflex femoral artery
- Lateral circumflex femoral artery
- First, second, and third perforating arteries
- Terminal end of the deep artery of the thigh
- Popliteal artery
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of arm muscles, including the biceps and triceps, their locations, compositions, origins, insertions, and functions.
