Diabetes 1

Insulin helps cells use sugar for energy, but without insulin or with insulin resistance, sugar builds up in the blood and can lead to diabetes.

Type I diabetes involves no insulin production, while Type II diabetes involves insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin usage.

Fatty acids can be stored or used for energy, and ketone bodies can provide energy for the heart during fasting. In diabetes, there may be issues with utilizing these energy sources effectively.

<p>Genetics, immune response, fatty acid levels, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to Type II diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Other types of diabetes include gestational diabetes, which affects pregnant women, and specific genetic defects or diseases of the pancreas or endocrine system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II diabetes can be managed with healthy eating habits, exercise, and sometimes insulin medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics, immune response, fatty acid levels, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to Type II diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Other types of diabetes include gestational diabetes, which affects pregnant women, and specific genetic defects or diseases of the pancreas or endocrine system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II diabetes can be managed with healthy eating habits, exercise, and sometimes insulin medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics, immune response, fatty acid levels, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestational diabetes, and specific genetic defects or diseases of the pancreas or endocrine system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels, which is a key factor in diagnosing and managing diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin is a hormone that sends messages to other parts of the body. Its actions can lead to the conversion of fatty acids into phospholipids and triglycerides, as well as the production of ketone bodies that provide energy to the heart during fasting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 diabetes is associated with the destruction of beta cells that produce insulin, while type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance and high BMI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes is considered an emerging global pandemic because of its increasing prevalence worldwide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritable factors, immune responses, raised levels of fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and build up of amyloid protein deposits in the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A healthy diet and exercise, and possibly insulin medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Raised levels of fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and build up of amyloid protein deposits in the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Healthy diet and exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps differentiate between types of diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 diabetes can be controlled with a healthy diet and exercise, but may eventually require insulin medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritable factors, immune responses, raised levels of fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and build up of amyloid protein deposits in the pancreas contribute to the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the actions and consequences of insulin metabolism is crucial in managing diabetes, as well as classifying and differentiating between types of diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paracrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones are chemicals released by cells or glands that affect cells in other parts of the organism. They can be transported in the blood and bind to specific receptors, leading to cellular responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Several hormones affect metabolism, including insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine, thyroxine, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, and PYY. They have various functions, such as regulating blood sugar levels, promoting growth and development, and controlling appetite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes I and II are characterized by differences in insulin production and signaling. In type I diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin, whereas in type II diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin and is unable to use it effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MEK phosphorylates ERK on Thr and Tyr residues, activating it and initiating signaling transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactivated GSK3 cannot convert glycogen synthase (GS) to its inactive form by phosphorylation, so GS remains active, and synthesis of glycogen from glucose is accelerated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IRS-1, phosphorylated by the insulin receptor, activates PI3K by binding to its SH2 domain, which converts PIP₂ to PIP 3. PKB, activated by PIP 3, phosphorylates GSK3 on a Ser residue, inactivating it, and stimulates the movement of glucose transporter GLUT4 from internal membrane vesicles to the plasma membrane, increasing uptake of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MEK phosphorylates ERK on Thr and Tyr residues, activating it and initiating signaling transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PKB, activated by PIP 3, phosphorylates GSK3 on a Ser residue, inactivating it, and stimulates the movement of glucose transporter GLUT4 from internal membrane vesicles to the plasma membrane, increasing uptake of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effects of insulin on blood glucose include an increase in glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and triacylglycerol synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lipogenesis in the liver and gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 diabetes is associated with insulin production, occurs early in life, and requires insulin injections for life; Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, occurs late in life, and is linked with high BMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Other types include genetic defects, diseases of the exocrine pancreas, endocrinopathies, drug-induced, infections, immune-mediated, and syndromes; each type has its own specific cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being overweight with a BMI of 35 or more, and having a waist-to-hip ratio of more than 1:1 in men and 0.8:1 in women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritable factors, immune response, raised levels of fatty acids, inflammatory and other cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction and amyloid deposits in the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia stimulates insulin, while hypoglycemia stimulates glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers