Archaea Cell Biology Quiz

<p>Attachment to surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaea can live in more extreme environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halobacterium walsbyi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer of genetic material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of pseudopeptidoglycan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The association with histones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of branched hydrocarbons with ether links. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L-glycerol and isoprene derivatives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inclusion of L-isomers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudo-peptidoglycan. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates their early evolutionary divergence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hot and anaerobic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudopeptidoglycan with L-amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 → 3 linkages in archaea, 1 → 4 linkages in bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Up to 1900 kb pairs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Co-factor M (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make endergonic reactions favorable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S-layer proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrient availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased inter-subunit hydrogen bonding and an increased number of arginine-containing salt bridges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerate external pH of ~2 while maintaining ~7 on the internal side (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have an excess negative charge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidophilic adaptations can sometimes resemble adaptations to high temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiobacillus thioxidans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Become protonated and acquire a positive charge (NH3+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is approximately zero. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ether linkage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes dehydrated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High proportions of unsaturated, short-chain fatty acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heat tolerance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low temperatures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases water availability in soil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increased concentration of small-chain amino acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the number of hydrophobic residues, making proteins tighter and more stable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced temperature and pressure stability of the proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some adaptations are complementary to other extreme environments, while others are unique. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic stability from sodium ions in the environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modification of fatty acid composition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organisms adapted to high temperature environments generally cannot survive at low temperatures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their biochemistry and cell structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whip-like structures that allow prokaryotes to move through their environment. They help bacteria and archaea find food, escape predators, and colonize new areas.

A tough, protective outer layer surrounding some bacteria and archaea. It helps protect the cell from dehydration, antibiotics, and other harmful substances.

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria and archaea. Plasmids can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxin production, and other traits.

Tiny structures in the cytoplasm of bacteria and archaea that synthesize proteins. They are the sites of protein production, essential for all cellular functions.

Short, hair-like structures that help bacteria and archaea attach to surfaces. They allow bacteria to colonize surfaces and form biofilms.

The innermost layer of a prokaryotic cell that encloses the cytoplasm. It's selectively permeable, controlling what enters and exits the cell.

The main structural unit of a prokaryotic cell. This rigid layer provides shape and support, protecting the cell from osmotic stress.

The internal fluid of a prokaryotic cell containing various molecules and structures. It's the site of many cellular processes like metabolism and protein synthesis.

A type of cell wall found in Archaea, similar in structure to peptidoglycan but with different chemical components.

A unique type of lipid found in Archaeal cell membranes. These lipids contain branched hydrocarbons with ether linkages.

The outermost layer of an Archaeal cell that provides structural support and protection.

In Archaea, the cell membrane is structurally different from bacteria and eukaryotes. It contains L-glycerol and isoprene derivatives instead of fatty acids linked by ester bonds.

A type of archaeal cell that thrives in extremely hot and acidic environments.

The inner region of an Archaeal cell containing the cell's genetic material and metabolic machinery.

A major group of single-celled organisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. Archaea are often found in extreme environments.

The evolutionary history of Archaea suggests that they arose very early in life's history, when Earth was hot and lacked oxygen.

A protein layer found on the surface of some Archaea, providing structural support and contributing to their unique properties.

A sugar found in pseudopeptidoglycan, exclusive to Archaea, unlike the N-acetylglucosamine shared with bacteria.

Archaea have a single, circular DNA molecule, similar to bacteria, though the size can vary significantly.

Archaea utilize RNA polymerase in their transcription process, a feature shared with eukaryotes, unlike bacteria.

A coenzyme involved in the transfer of methyl groups in methanogenic Archaea, important for methane production.

Proteins that help cells cope with cold temperatures, often found in Archaea thriving in cold environments.

An important molecule involved in the production of methane in methanogenic Archaea.

Adaptations happen due to selection pressures, genetic change, or environmental pressures. These adaptations result in the divergence of cells leading to species that are well-adapted to a new environment, but sometimes these adaptations mean that the organism can no longer survive in other environments.

The ability of some organisms to survive and thrive in acidic environments. Some organisms can tolerate pH levels as low as 1.0.

Proteins are chemically adapted into stable isoforms to enable the cell to survive in acidic conditions. For example, in thermophilic species, proteins have increased inter-subunit hydrogen bonding and more arginine-containing salt bridges.

Cell membranes are adapted to tolerate external acidic pH (around 2) while maintaining a neutral pH (around 7) internally.

In highly acidic environments, some organisms produce membranes and proteins with a negative charge. This helps them survive in acidic conditions.

Endo-beta-glucanase from Sulfolobus solfataricus, an enzyme that breaks down complex sugars, has a large number of glutamic and aspartic acid residues, which are negatively charged. This helps the enzyme function in acidic conditions.

Many acidophiles are also thermophiles, meaning they can survive in both acidic and high-temperature environments. Some adaptations overlap between acidophiles and thermophiles.

Archaea are a domain of life that includes many extremophiles, including acidophiles. Some types of archaea are thermophiles, halophiles (salt-loving), or methanogens (produce methane).

A type of chemical bond found in the cell membranes of archaea, characterized by a carbon-oxygen-carbon linkage.

A type of chemical bond found in the cell membranes of bacteria and eukaryotes, characterized by a carbon-oxygen-carbon linkage.

Organisms that thrive in extremely cold environments, often below 15°C.

A measure of how easily a membrane can move or bend. This is important for maintaining cell function at different temperatures.

Organisms that thrive in environments with extremely high salt concentrations.

A condition where the concentration of solutes outside a cell is higher than inside. This causes water to move out of the cell, potentially leading to dehydration.

The process of removing salts from a solution, often used by halophiles to survive in high-salt environments.

The dominant intracellular salt in halophiles, helping them to maintain osmotic balance.

The ability of an organism to survive in high-pressure environments, which are found deep in the ocean or inside rocks.

A type of microorganism that thrives in extremely hot and high-pressure environments, such as deep sea hydrothermal vents.

A species of archaea adapted for high temperature and high pressure, often found in deep sea vents.

A species of archaea adapted for high temperature, but not high pressure. In contrast to Pyrococcus abyssi, this organism is more commonly found in hot springs and volcanic areas.

Amino acids with shorter chains, often found in higher concentrations in organisms adapted to high pressure environments. These amino acids help the organism survive the pressure.

A type of microbe adapted to survive in very acidic environments.

The ability of an organism to survive in extreme environments is determined by their unique biochemistry and cell structure.

Adaptations that work together to allow survival in extreme environments. The organism may be adapted to high temperature AND high pressure.