Cell Biology Quiz: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  • Smaller cell size
  • Absence of a nucleus
  • Compartmentalization with membrane-bound organelles (correct)
  • Presence of ribosomes

What is the likely origin of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

  • Development within an archaeal cell (correct)
  • Merging of two bacterial cells
  • Evolution from a viral structure
  • Endosymbiosis with a bacterium

Which of the following cellular structures evolved from a cyanobacterium?

  • Chloroplast (correct)
  • Mitochondrion
  • Ribosome
  • Nucleus

What significant discovery did scientists make regarding Asgard archaea in 2017?

<p>They are the closest known relatives to eukaryotes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the unique characteristics of the organism that challenges traditional bacterial cell concepts?

<p>It possesses multiple ribosomal organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of all cellular organisms that allows the construction of a phylogenetic tree?

<p>Universally conserved genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common ancestor referred to in the context of all cellular life?

<p>Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to create a phylogenetic tree for viruses?

<p>There is no universal conserved gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recent discovery challenges traditional views of eukaryotic origins?

<p>The presence of ‘Asgard’ Archaea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has molecular biology revolutionized in the study of microbes?

<p>Understanding microbial diversity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the microbial world impact our lives?

<p>Influences ecosystems and human activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements represents a common misconception about viruses?

<p>They can reproduce independently in nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major advancement that contributed to the updated understanding of the tree of life?

<p>Molecular biology and DNA sequencing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells lack internal membrane-bound organelles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism is known for not being cellular and not physiologically active?

<p>Viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not typically a feature of prokaryotic cells?

<p>Presence of a nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon can significantly alter the local environment in oceans?

<p>Algal blooms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of the bacterium Gemmata?

<p>It contains a nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these microorganisms can form colonies?

<p>Bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes prokaryotic cells?

<p>They can have specialized membrane systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an exception to the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

<p>Thiomargarita namibiensis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are extremophiles primarily known for?

<p>Living in extreme environmental conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an extremophile?

<p>Eukaryotic organisms in moderate conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did oxygenic phototrophs cause in Earth's atmosphere?

<p>Formation of the ozone layer that blocked UV light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed early environment for the origin of life on Earth?

<p>Inside rocks at the bottom of the oceans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the Great Oxidation Event occur?

<p>When cyanobacteria began producing significant levels of O2. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence is used to suggest the existence of microbial life on Earth over 3 billion years ago?

<p>Stromatolites formed by microbial activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Earth's atmosphere primarily composed of right after the planet formed?

<p>An anaerobic environment without free oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about anaerobes is true?

<p>They became restricted to specific environments as oxygen levels rose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What microscopy technique is primarily used to manipulate light for improved contrast and visibility of cells?

<p>Bright-field microscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using stains in microscopy?

<p>To improve the visibility of small cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves using molecules that emit light for visualizing cells?

<p>Fluorescence microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscopy allows for the counting of viruses using bright DNA stains developed in the 1990s?

<p>Fluorescence microscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scientists is NOT known for contributions to microbiology during its rise?

<p>Albert Einstein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major question regarding microbiology was raised during the time of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch?

<p>Is spontaneous generation of life possible? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope is best suited for visualizing the structure of membranes at a molecular level?

<p>Transmission electron microscope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Martinus Beijerinck make to the field of microbiology?

<p>First discovery of a virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique is NOT classified under light microscopy?

<p>Electron microscopy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why microbes are considered essential in agriculture?

<p>They contribute to soil fertility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Koch's postulates establish?

<p>A protocol for proving that a specific organism causes a disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organism did Koch primarily use to demonstrate his postulates?

<p>Bacillus anthracis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease did Koch identify as being caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Tuberculosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an important contribution of Robert Koch to microbiology?

<p>Pioneering the use of solid growth surfaces and pure cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Koch develop to aid in observing bacterial cells?

<p>A special staining technique. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of Koch's postulates?

<p>They cannot be satisfied without a suitable animal model for every infectious disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was Robert Koch awarded the Nobel Prize?

<p>1905 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of germ theory imply?

<p>Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases did Koch NOT develop a vaccine for?

<p>Tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was one of Koch's significant approaches in his research?

<p>Isolating bacteria in pure cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Three Domains of Life

The three primary evolutionary lineages of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

The hypothetical single-celled organism that is the common ancestor of all living organisms on Earth.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A type of RNA molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. Its sequence is used to study evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared characteristics.

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Viruses

Non-cellular entities that require a host cell to replicate. They are not considered part of the three domains of life.

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Molecular Biology Techniques

Techniques used to study the structure and function of molecules, such as DNA and RNA.

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Microbial Diversity

The vast array of different types of microbes found in all environments on Earth.

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Bacterial Phyla

A taxonomic rank used to classify bacteria. There is a surprising diversity of bacterial phyla.

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Microorganisms

Microscopic living organisms, often single-celled, including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.

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Algal Blooms

Large-scale growths of algae in water bodies, impacting oxygen levels and nutrient availability.

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Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria and archaea.

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Eukaryotes

Organisms with cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, encompassing plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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Bacteria

Prokaryotic organisms with diverse shapes and functions, found in various environments.

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Archaea

Prokaryotic organisms often found in extreme environments, like hot springs and salty lakes.

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Colonial Microorganisms

Groups of microorganisms that live together in a coordinated manner, forming a larger structure.

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Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by their internal membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, and are typically large cells with a diameter ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers.

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Origin of Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells are thought to have evolved through a series of mergers between different prokaryotic cells. The nucleus is believed to have originated from an archaeal cell, while mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from endosymbiosis with bacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.

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Asgard Archaea

Asgard archaea are a newly discovered group of archaea closely related to eukaryotes. They produce proteins previously thought to be specific to eukaryotes, bridging the gap between these groups.

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Endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis is a process where one organism lives inside another, eventually becoming an integrated part of the host cell. This is believed to be the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.

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Compartmentalization in Cells

Compartmentalization refers to the division of a cell into specialized compartments, known as organelles, each performing specific functions. This allows for efficient organization and functioning of cellular processes.

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Extremophiles

Organisms that thrive in extreme environments that are often considered inhospitable to most life forms, such as very hot or very cold temperatures, high salt concentrations, or high pressure.

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Types of Extremophiles

Extremophiles can be bacteria, archaea, or even some eukaryotes. They can tolerate environmental extremes of salt, temperature, pressure, and pH, or combinations of these.

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Microbial World

Our planet's biological functioning relies heavily on microbes. They drive essential processes and even influence climate.

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Origin of Life on Earth

One hypothesis suggests life originated at the bottom of the oceans. Small compartments in rocks may have contained biological materials that replicated, and eventually lipid bilayers formed cell membranes.

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RNA-Based Life?

Some scientists believe that early life was based on RNA rather than DNA, and that DNA was later developed.

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Fossil Evidence of Early Life

Fossil bacteria dating back 3.45 billion years provide evidence of early life. Stromatolites, formations created by microbes, are the most persistent evidence of life in Earth's history.

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Great Oxidation Event

The production of oxygen by oxygenic phototrophs (early cyanobacteria) caused a significant increase in oxygen levels in Earth's atmosphere, changing the planet from anaerobic to aerobic.

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Impacts of Oxygen Production

The rise of oxygen in the atmosphere led to the formation of the ozone layer, which blocked some UV light and allowed life to colonize land. It also allowed the evolution of aerobic organisms, while anaerobic organisms became restricted to specific environments.

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Bright-field Microscopy

A basic microscopy technique that utilizes transmitted light to illuminate the specimen. Works best on pigmented or large cells.

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Phase Contrast Microscopy

A technique that enhances contrast in transparent specimens by manipulating the light waves passing through them, making it easier to see unstained cells.

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Dark-Field Microscopy

A technique that illuminates the specimen from the sides, creating a dark background and a bright outline of the specimen, highlighting even small cells.

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Gram stain

A differential stain used to categorize bacteria based on their cell wall structure, differentiating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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Fluorescence Microscopy

A technique that uses molecules that emit light when excited by specific wavelengths to visualize cells and their components.

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Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC)

A specialized light microscopy technique that enhances contrast by creating a 3D-like image of the specimen, revealing minute details.

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Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

A powerful technique that uses a sharp tip to scan the surface of a specimen, generating a detailed topographic image, even at the atomic level.

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Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy

A technique that uses a laser to illuminate the specimen, producing sharp images of specific planes, allowing for the 3D reconstruction of complex structures.

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Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

A powerful technique that uses a beam of electrons to create images of the internal structures of cells, revealing minute details.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

A technique that uses a beam of electrons to scan the surface of a specimen, generating highly detailed 3D images of the external structures.

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Louis Pasteur's Contributions

Louis Pasteur's significant contributions to science include improving bread-making techniques, developing vaccines against anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies, and contributing to the germ theory of disease.

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Germ Theory of Disease

The germ theory of disease states that microorganisms, specifically bacteria, are the cause of many diseases.

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Robert Koch's Postulates

A set of criteria used to establish that a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease.

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What are Koch's Postulates?

  1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
  2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
  3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
  4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
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Pure Culture

A culture containing only one type of microorganism, allowing researchers to study its characteristics without interference from other organisms.

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Bacillus anthracis

The bacterial species that causes anthrax, a serious infectious disease.

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Koch's Work on Anthrax

Robert Koch used Bacillus anthracis as a model system to develop his postulates, proving that this bacterium causes anthrax.

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Koch and Tuberculosis

Koch discovered that Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, contributing significantly to our understanding of this disease.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The bacterial species that causes tuberculosis, a contagious bacterial infection affecting mainly the lungs.

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Koch's Staining Technique

A specific staining method developed by Koch to visualize Mycobacterium tuberculosis, necessary due to its unique cell wall.

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Study Notes

Microbiology Scope and History

  • Microbiology encompasses the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and other microscopic organisms.
  • Chapters 1, 2, 13, and 18 cover the broad scope and historical context of microbiology.

Killer Viruses on the Rise

  • Viruses, including those that are pathogenic, are increasing in prominence.
  • Recent case of polio in New York highlights the possibility of resurgences of infectious diseases.
  • Large viruses, like those in the roly-poly, are being studied.

Microbes Inside Us: From Enemies to Superhealers

  • Microbes, especially those in the gut, play a crucial role in many aspects of human health and are being studied.
  • Microbes are often seen as enemies, but are increasingly acknowledged as essential for various biological processes and functions.

Why Stinky Sweat is Good for You

  • Sweat (and perspiration) has a role in regulating the body temperature and health.
  • Sweat's role in human health is studied in many contexts and its significance is revealed.

Oncolytic Virus Therapy Using Tumor-Targeting Viruses to Treat Cancer

  • Oncolytic viruses are viruses modified to selectively infect and kill tumor cells.
  • These viruses are being explored as potential cancer treatments, with some undergoing clinical trials.
  • Some viruses have shown promise in triggering an immune response to help fight the cancer.

Microbial World Impacts

  • Microbes impact many aspects of the environment, ecosystems, natural resources, agriculture, human health, food, biotechnology, and industry
  • Microbes play a role in almost every aspect of life.

Tree of Life: The 3 Domains

  • The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • Understanding the relationships between organisms, particularly microorganisms, led to discovering the evolutionary relationships across domains of life.
  • The common ancestor of all life, LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor), is subject to investigation and debate.

Microbial Diversity

  • The application of molecular biology techniques has substantially advanced our knowledge of microbial diversity in environments.

Earth's Microbial History

  • Microbes were the first life forms on Earth.
  • Microbes are responsible for shaping the environment.
  • Development of aerobic life forms.
  • Earth was initially sterile and then gradually developed microbial life.

Microbial World: Distribution and Concentration

  • Most of the Earth's surface is covered with water and it contains various types of microbes.
  • Microbes have large impacts on the environment, ecosystems, and human health.

Global Biomass Composition

  • Microbes account for a significant portion of the planet's biomass, though they vary in size.

Microbes are Everywhere

  • Microbes are ubiquitous in many environments (e.g., lake water, sewage).
  • Microbes live in communities, demonstrating complex relationships.

Human Digestive System Microbes

  • Microbes inhabit many parts of the human digestive system, with varying concentrations in different sections, demonstrating diversity and specificity.

Extremophiles

  • Extremophiles are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments.
  • Different extremophile types and their habitats are presented in various forms; (e.g., high/low temperatures/pH or pressure levels)
  • Extremophiles include bacteria and archaea.

Viruses

  • Viruses are globally abundant and diverse.
  • Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites (symbionts).

The First Microbiologists

  • Key figures in the development of microbiology include Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
  • Leeuwenhoek made the first observation of bacteria (published in 1684)
  • Hooke published the first description of microscopic fungi in 1665.

The Rise of Microbiology

  • Major developments in microbiology, including the study of fermentation, disease, and spontaneous generation happened significantly later than the first observations of microorganisms.
  • Pasteur and Koch made major strides in understanding microorganisms.
  • Key advances in this period include the disproof of spontaneous generation, the discovery of microbes as causes of disease, development of vaccines, and the initial exploration of various microbial properties, impacting many fields of study.

Koch's Postulates

  • Koch's postulates are a set of criteria for proving that a specific microorganism causes a particular disease.
  • The postulates involved rigorous methodology to support the germ theory of disease and were initially tested on microorganisms and further utilized as a framework to study disease processes.

Koch and Tuberculosis

  • Koch's work included the discovery and verification of the microbial cause of tuberculosis using Koch's postulates.
  • The development of staining techniques was key to identifying and analyzing bacterial cells in tissues and body fluids.
  • His experiments used guinea pigs for tuberculosis study.

Microscopy

  • Various types of microscopes, including different techniques (like fluorescence microscopy), are integral to visualizing microbes and studying their diversity.
  • Staining techniques enhance the visibility of microorganisms in different types of microscopy.

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Microbiology: Scope and History PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This quiz covers topics such as the origin of the nucleus, the evolution of cellular structures, and recent discoveries related to archaea. Challenge your understanding of cell biology with these thought-provoking questions.

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