ARCH 103 Building Technology Lecture X Quiz

ARCH 103 Fundamentals of Building Technology - Lecture X Revision

• The course introduces Building Technology and its key elements.
• Its aim is to train students to understand the functions of construction elements and design basic constructions.
• The course also introduces Building Physics, focusing on the physics related to buildings and the impacts of environmental forces.
• Topics include energy, thermal properties of materials, steady and unsteady heat transmission, insulation, solar radiation, and solar heat transfer.
• The course includes case studies, field trips, and design assignments.

Basic Structural Building Elements (Horizontal)

• Diagrams of various horizontal structures (beams, cantilevers, decking, slabs, membranes, nets, trusses, spaceframes, arches, vaults, domes, shells, folded plates, cables, buttresses, moment frames, a-frames, bracing, columns, walls, ties, cantilever columns, piers, pads, strips, rafts, pontoons, piles)
• The diagrams indicate the most basic structural building elements in horizontal structures.
• Some elements are crossed out with red x, indicating their non-relevance in the topic.

Basic Structural Building Elements (Vertical)

• Diagrams of various vertical structures (beams, cantilevers, decking, slabs, membranes, nets, trusses, spaceframes, arches, vaults, domes, shells, folded plates, cables, buttresses, moment frames, a-frames, bracing, columns, walls, ties, cantilever columns, piers, pads, strips, rafts, pontoons, piles, ).
• The diagrams indicate the most basic structural building elements in vertical structures.
• Some elements are crossed out with red x, indicating their non-relevance in the topic.

Span

• Images illustrating various spans, like the Golden Gate Bridge, and a concrete building under construction.
• The images show the span measurement in the images.

Structural Systems (Basic)

• Diagrams showing short span, low structural thickness; medium span, medium structural thickness; long span, high structural thickness; slabs; roof decking.
• Diagrams for various structural constructions and their components (primary beams, secondary beams, beam grids, spaceframes).

Structural Depth

• Shows images exploring vertical strength with a ruler and metallic strip.
• Explains vertical strength: dimension parallel to external force is structurally definitive.

Seattle Public Library

• Image of the Seattle Public Library.
• It was designed in 2004

Structural Forces/Loads

• Compression: A force pushing or squeezing a material, causing it to shorten or compact.
• Tension: A force pulling or stretching a material, causing it to elongate.
• Other forces/loads: Shear, bending, torsion.
• Static (Dead) Loads: Weight of structural components (walls, columns, beams...); Weight of non-structural elements (floors, ceilings, roofs, cladding...); permanent equipment (HVAC systems, elevators...).
• Dynamic (Live) Loads: Occupancy Loads (people, furniture, etc.); Movable Equipment (machinery, appliances); Impact Loads (machinery vibrations, falling objects).
• Special Loads: Blast Loads, Impact Loads, Vibration Loads.
• Environmental Loads: Wind Loads (lateral and uplift forces); Flood Loads (water pressure and flow); Earthquake (Seismic) Loads (ground motion: lateral and vertical components); Thermal Loads (expansion and contraction due to temperature changes); Rainwater Loads (ponding on roofs); Snow Loads (weight of snow).
• Settlement and Soil Loads: Soil Pressure Loads(soil pressure on foundations or retaining walls); Settlement Loads (stress from uneven or excessive foundation movement).

Load-Bearing Materials

• Load-bearing materials make up 70% of building mass.
• Examples include brick, concrete, stone, steel, earth, and timber.

Joints and Connectors

• Point Connectors: Bolt, nail, screw, dowel.
• Line Connectors: Welding, rivets, dowels.
• Surface Connectors: Traditional wooden joinery, glues, clamps.

Main Elements of a Building

• Foundation: Provides a stable connection to ground (concrete, piles, rafts, pontons, etc.).
• Vertical Elements: Create vertical dimension, support floors and roofs. Examples: columns, walls (load-bearing, non-load-bearing).
• Horizontal Elements: Provide horizontal dimension. Examples: slabs, beams, trusses.
• Exterior Cladding: Protect exposed exterior vertical structures.
• Insulation: Prevent heat/sound transfer between environments.
• Apertures: Provide access (windows, doors).
• Roof: Protect exposed horizontal structures, multiple material possibilities.
• Flooring: Comfortable tactile surface over slabs, can contain technical routes.
• Partitions: Light interior walls without structural purpose, typically built between rooms.
• Stairs and Elevators: Vertical access.
• Building Services: Water, electricity, air, lighting, security, automatics, plumbing engineering, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
• Interior Cladding and Finishes: Protect interior structures, includes technical routes, equipment.
• Sustainability Features: Active building systems that manage energy and heat transfer.
• External Elements: Offer comfort for users, mitigating wind and rain. Examples: landscaping (plants, etc); secondary structures (canopies, etc).

Building Physics: Performance

• Ever Changing Climatic Conditions: Outdoor temperatures, intensity of solar radiation, wind conditions (steady vs. unsteady)
• Energy Use: Heating/cooling (40%), appliances (25%), warm water (20%), lighting (15%).

Insulation and Envelope

• Envelope: Physical barrier between interior and exterior
• Insulation: Materials to reduce heat transfer.

R-Value and U-Value

• R-Value: Thermal resistance, higher is better for insulation
• U-Value: Thermal transmittance, lower is better for insulation

Calculating U-Value

• Formula: U=1/(Rso+Rsi+R1+...)

Insulation Materials

• R-values for various insulation materials.

Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Sector

• Pie chart showing breakdown of global CO2 emissions by sector.
• This diagram shows approximate breakdown of CO2 emissions per sector.