16 Questions
What are the components of a system?
Inputs, outputs, stores, flows, boundaries
What is the difference between open and closed systems?
Open systems receive inputs and transfer outputs with other systems, while closed systems have energy inputs equal to outputs.
Define dynamic equilibrium in a system.
Dynamic equilibrium in a system is when inputs equal outputs despite changing conditions.
Explain the concept of positive feedback in a system.
Positive feedback occurs when a chain of events amplifies the impacts of the original event.
Describe negative feedback in a system.
Negative feedback refers to a chain of events that nullifies the impacts of the original event, leading to dynamic equilibrium.
Are the carbon and water cycles open or closed systems on a global scale?
Closed systems
What is the process of water moving from above ground into the soil called?
Infiltration
What type of rainfall is caused by warm air rising due to a barrier such as mountains?
Relief
What is the combined process of evaporation and transpiration called?
Evapotranspiration
What type of soil has a slower flow rate for throughflow due to high field capacity and smaller pore spaces?
Clay soils
What occurs when precipitation falls at a greater rate than the infiltration capacity?
Overland flow
What is the process of water moving from the ground or soil into porous rock or rock fractures called?
Percolation
What type of rainfall is due to warm air rising over cool air when two bodies of air at different temperatures meet?
Frontal
What is the speed of flow of throughflow dependent on?
Type of soil
What type of rainfall is due to heating by the sun, causing warm air to rise, condense at higher altitudes and fall as rain?
Convectional
What is the process of water moving through the soil and into streams or rivers called?
Throughflow
Study Notes
System Components and Types
- A system consists of components that interact with each other and their environment.
- Open systems exchange matter and energy with their environment.
- Closed systems exchange energy but not matter with their environment.
System Equilibrium
- Dynamic equilibrium occurs when the rates of input and output are equal, maintaining a stable state.
Feedback in Systems
- Positive feedback amplifies a response, creating a self-reinforcing cycle.
- Negative feedback opposes a response, stabilizing the system.
Water Cycle
- The carbon and water cycles are open systems on a global scale.
- Infiltration is the process of water moving from above ground into the soil.
- Throughflow is the process of water moving through the soil and into streams or rivers.
Precipitation and Rainfall
- Orographic rainfall occurs when warm air rises due to a barrier, such as mountains.
- Frontal rainfall occurs when warm air rises over cool air due to a temperature difference.
- Convectional rainfall occurs when warm air rises, cools, and condenses, forming clouds and precipitation.
Soil and Water Flow
- Clay soil has a slower flow rate for throughflow due to high field capacity and smaller pore spaces.
- Runoff occurs when precipitation falls at a greater rate than the infiltration capacity.
- Infiltration excess overflow occurs when the soil is saturated, and excess water flows over the surface.
Groundwater and Rock
- Percolation is the process of water moving from the ground or soil into porous rock or rock fractures.
Explore the detailed notes on systems, including inputs, outputs, stores, flows, and boundaries in the context of water and carbon cycles for AQA Geography A-Level 3.1.1. Learn about open systems that interact with other systems through the transfer of energy or matter.
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