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Questions and Answers
What are the components of a system?
What are the components of a system?
Inputs, outputs, stores, flows, boundaries
What is the difference between open and closed systems?
What is the difference between open and closed systems?
Open systems receive inputs and transfer outputs with other systems, while closed systems have energy inputs equal to outputs.
Define dynamic equilibrium in a system.
Define dynamic equilibrium in a system.
Dynamic equilibrium in a system is when inputs equal outputs despite changing conditions.
Explain the concept of positive feedback in a system.
Explain the concept of positive feedback in a system.
Describe negative feedback in a system.
Describe negative feedback in a system.
Are the carbon and water cycles open or closed systems on a global scale?
Are the carbon and water cycles open or closed systems on a global scale?
What is the process of water moving from above ground into the soil called?
What is the process of water moving from above ground into the soil called?
What type of rainfall is caused by warm air rising due to a barrier such as mountains?
What type of rainfall is caused by warm air rising due to a barrier such as mountains?
What is the combined process of evaporation and transpiration called?
What is the combined process of evaporation and transpiration called?
What type of soil has a slower flow rate for throughflow due to high field capacity and smaller pore spaces?
What type of soil has a slower flow rate for throughflow due to high field capacity and smaller pore spaces?
What occurs when precipitation falls at a greater rate than the infiltration capacity?
What occurs when precipitation falls at a greater rate than the infiltration capacity?
What is the process of water moving from the ground or soil into porous rock or rock fractures called?
What is the process of water moving from the ground or soil into porous rock or rock fractures called?
What type of rainfall is due to warm air rising over cool air when two bodies of air at different temperatures meet?
What type of rainfall is due to warm air rising over cool air when two bodies of air at different temperatures meet?
What is the speed of flow of throughflow dependent on?
What is the speed of flow of throughflow dependent on?
What type of rainfall is due to heating by the sun, causing warm air to rise, condense at higher altitudes and fall as rain?
What type of rainfall is due to heating by the sun, causing warm air to rise, condense at higher altitudes and fall as rain?
What is the process of water moving through the soil and into streams or rivers called?
What is the process of water moving through the soil and into streams or rivers called?
Flashcards
System Components
System Components
Inputs, outputs, stores, flows, and boundaries make up a system.
Open System
Open System
A system that exchanges inputs and outputs with other systems.
Closed System
Closed System
A system that has energy inputs equal to outputs; no exchange with the environment.
Dynamic Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
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Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
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Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
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Global Carbon & Water Cycles
Global Carbon & Water Cycles
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Infiltration
Infiltration
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Relief Rainfall
Relief Rainfall
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Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration
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Clay Soil
Clay Soil
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Overland Flow
Overland Flow
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Percolation
Percolation
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Frontal Rainfall
Frontal Rainfall
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Throughflow Speed
Throughflow Speed
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Convectional Rainfall
Convectional Rainfall
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Throughflow
Throughflow
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Study Notes
System Components and Types
- A system consists of components that interact with each other and their environment.
- Open systems exchange matter and energy with their environment.
- Closed systems exchange energy but not matter with their environment.
System Equilibrium
- Dynamic equilibrium occurs when the rates of input and output are equal, maintaining a stable state.
Feedback in Systems
- Positive feedback amplifies a response, creating a self-reinforcing cycle.
- Negative feedback opposes a response, stabilizing the system.
Water Cycle
- The carbon and water cycles are open systems on a global scale.
- Infiltration is the process of water moving from above ground into the soil.
- Throughflow is the process of water moving through the soil and into streams or rivers.
Precipitation and Rainfall
- Orographic rainfall occurs when warm air rises due to a barrier, such as mountains.
- Frontal rainfall occurs when warm air rises over cool air due to a temperature difference.
- Convectional rainfall occurs when warm air rises, cools, and condenses, forming clouds and precipitation.
Soil and Water Flow
- Clay soil has a slower flow rate for throughflow due to high field capacity and smaller pore spaces.
- Runoff occurs when precipitation falls at a greater rate than the infiltration capacity.
- Infiltration excess overflow occurs when the soil is saturated, and excess water flows over the surface.
Groundwater and Rock
- Percolation is the process of water moving from the ground or soil into porous rock or rock fractures.
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