AQA GCSE Biology: Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is one adaptation of gas exchange surfaces to increase efficiency?

  • Large surface area (correct)
  • Poor ventilation
  • Thick walls
  • Limited blood supply

Breathing lowers the oxygen level in the alveoli.

False (B)

How many alveoli does each lung contain approximately?

250 - 300 million

The total surface area of each lung is around ______.

<p>70m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features with their effects on gas exchange:

<p>Thin walls = Short diffusion distances Good ventilation = Maintains diffusion gradients Good blood supply = Faster diffusion Large surface area = Allows faster gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

<p>Diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dense capillary network helps to maintain a low concentration gradient.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maintains the high concentration gradient for gas exchange?

<p>Breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the right side of the heart?

<p>Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart has three chambers: two atria and one ventricle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the double circulatory system in humans?

<p>To separate the flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and efficiently deliver oxygen to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left side of the heart pumps blood to the ______ under high pressure.

<p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a double circulatory system beneficial?

<p>It enables more time for diffusion of gases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Veins carry blood away from the heart.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the valves in the heart?

<p>To maintain a one-way flow of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the heart with their functions:

<p>Atria = Receive blood Ventricles = Pump blood out Pulmonary circuit = Sends blood to lungs Systemic circulation = Delivers blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of red blood cells?

<p>Transporting oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cells contain a nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protein in red blood cells binds to oxygen?

<p>haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biconcave shape of red blood cells helps maximize the efficiency of _______.

<p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of blood with their functions:

<p>Red Blood Cells = Transport oxygen White Blood Cells = Defend against infection Platelets = Clot blood Plasma = Transport nutrients and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries carries deoxygenated blood?

<p>Pulmonary artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood to the heart.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side of the heart is represented by the left side of a heart diagram?

<p>right side of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ are found on the outside of the heart.

<p>coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood vessels to their descriptions:

<p>Aorta = Largest artery in the body Vena cava = Major vein returning deoxygenated blood to the heart Pulmonary artery = Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary vein = Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood in the body?

<p>To transport useful substances and remove waste (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Capillary walls consist of multiple layers of cells to enhance diffusion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do valves in veins play?

<p>Prevent backflow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood plasma is primarily composed of ______.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood components with their primary function:

<p>Red blood cells = Transport oxygen White blood cells = Fight infections Platelets = Clotting Plasma = Transport nutrients and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 2460 ml of blood flows through a blood vessel in 4 minutes, what is the rate of blood flow?

<p>615 ml/minute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animal cells possess cell walls.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What calculations can be performed using the rate of blood flow?

<p>Determine how much blood flows in a specific time period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pacemaker in the heart?

<p>To coordinate the contraction of the heart muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left ventricle pumps blood at a lower pressure than the right ventricle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the backflow of blood in the heart?

<p>Valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the __________.

<p>vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to deoxygenated blood in the lungs?

<p>It becomes oxygenated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The walls of the ventricles are thinner than those of the atria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart muscle relies on __________ for aerobic respiration to produce energy.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the circulatory system?

The human body uses a system of blood vessels, a pump (the heart), and valves to transport blood throughout the body.

What is the pulmonary circuit?

The circulatory system that delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

What is systemic circulation?

The circulatory system that pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Why is a double circulatory system beneficial?

Sending blood to the lungs and then back to the heart before delivering it to the body allows for efficient gas exchange and quicker oxygen delivery to the cells.

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What are atria?

The upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

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What are ventricles?

The lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out.

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What are veins?

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

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What are arteries?

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

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Aorta

The large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

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Vena Cava

The large blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right atrium.

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Pulmonary Artery

The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

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Pulmonary Vein

The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium.

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Coronary Arteries

Blood vessels that branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

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What is the shape of red blood cells and why?

Red blood cells have a unique biconcave disc shape which maximizes surface area for efficient gas exchange.

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Why don't red blood cells have a nucleus?

Red blood cells lack a nucleus, which allows more space for hemoglobin.

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What does hemoglobin bind to?

Hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, binds to oxygen, forming oxyhemoglobin.

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What are white blood cells responsible for?

White blood cells are the defense force against invaders like bacteria and viruses.

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How do white blood cells protect the body?

White blood cells recognize and destroy pathogens, defending the body from infection.

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Gas exchange

The process by which gases move across a surface from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Adaptations for gas exchange

Features that increase the efficiency of gas exchange. These include a large surface area, thin walls, good ventilation, and a good blood supply.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Capillaries

They are tiny blood vessels that surround alveoli, allowing for the rapid exchange of gases between the air and the blood.

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Ventilation

The process of breathing, which involves taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

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Concentration gradient

The difference in concentrations of a substance between two areas, such as the difference in oxygen concentration between the air in the alveoli and the blood.

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Blood circulation

The process of moving blood around the body.

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Gas transport

The process of carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells and carbon dioxide from the body's cells to the lungs.

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Ventricles

The inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the lungs (right ventricle) and the body (left ventricle).

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Pulmonary Circulation

The process where deoxygenated blood travels to the lungs, picks up oxygen, and returns to the heart as oxygenated blood.

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Systemic Circulation

The process where oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart.

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Septum

The thick, muscular wall that separates the right and left sides of the heart, preventing the mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.

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Pacemaker

Specialized cells in the right atrium that initiate and regulate the heart beat.

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Cardiac Muscle

The specialized muscle tissue of the heart that does not fatigue like skeletal muscle, enabling continuous beating.

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Vein Structure

Veins have thinner walls compared to arteries, with fewer layers of collagen, smooth muscle, and elastic fibers, but a much larger lumen.

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Vein Valves

Veins contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. These valves are like one-way doors, allowing blood to flow only towards the heart.

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Capillary Structure

Capillary walls consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, minimizing the diffusion distance for oxygen and carbon dioxide. This means substances can easily move between blood and tissues.

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Tissue Fluid Formation

Capillary walls have pores that allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid. This fluid nourishes and cleanses the cells.

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Blood Flow Rate

The rate of blood flow is the amount of blood that passes a point in a blood vessel in a specific amount of time. It is calculated by dividing the volume of blood by the time taken.

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Blood: What is it?

Blood is a vital tissue that transports nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes waste products, and helps regulate body temperature. It consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Red Blood Cells - Oxygen Transport

Red blood cells, which are small, biconcave disks, are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen.

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White Blood Cells - Immunity

White blood cells, which are larger and have a nucleus, are part of the immune system and protect the body against disease. They fight off infections by engulfing pathogens.

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Study Notes

AQA GCSE Biology: Cardiovascular & Respiratory System

  • The cardiovascular and respiratory systems are covered in this subject area
  • The learning content includes lungs, the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

The Lungs

  • Lungs have adaptations for efficient gas exchange.
  • Large surface area for faster gas diffusion.
  • Thin walls, minimizing diffusion distance.
  • Good ventilation.
  • Good blood supply.
  • Gas exchange occurs through the process of diffusion, respiration is essential for maintaining gradients .
  • Breathing keeps oxygen levels high and carbon dioxide levels low in the alveoli.
  • Lungs contain around 250-300 million alveoli.
  • Total lung surface area is about 70m².

Structures in the Lungs

  • Ribs: Bone structures protecting the lungs and aiding breathing.
  • Intercostal muscles: Muscles between ribs, controlling inhalation and exhalation.
  • Diaphragm: Connective tissue and muscle at the thorax base for breathing.
  • Trachea: Windpipe connecting mouth/nose to lungs, lined with goblet cells (producing mucus) and cilia (moving mucus).
  • Bronchus (plural: bronchi): Larger tubes branching from the trachea, one for each lung. Lined with goblet cells and cilia.
  • Bronchioles: Smaller tubes branching from bronchi.
  • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs for gas exchange; each is covered in capillaries.

The Heart

  • The human heart is part of a double circulatory system.
  • The heart has four chambers: two atria (top) and two ventricles (bottom).
  • The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circuit).
  • The left side pumps oxygenated blood around the body (systemic circuit).
  • The heart's thick-walled ventricles generate higher pressure for blood circulation.
  • Valves prevent backflow.
  • The septum separates the two sides of the heart, preventing oxygenated from mixing deoxygenated blood.
  • Coronary arteries supply cardiac muscle cells with nutrients.
  • The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, where oxygen diffuses in from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
  • The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
  • The four chambers are divided into top and bottom chambers.
  • Chambers at the top are called atria.
  • Chambers at the bottom are called ventricles.

Blood Vessels & Blood

  • The body has three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.

  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart (high pressure).

  • Veins return blood to the heart (low pressure).

  • Capillaries connect arteries to veins, facilitating gas and substance exchange.

  • Blood vessel walls have specific structures based on their function.

  • Arteries have thick walls to withstand high pressure.

  • Veins have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow.

  • Capillaries have thin walls for efficient exchange.

  • Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.

  • RBCs carry oxygen.

  • WBCs defend against infection

  • Platelets aid in blood clotting

  • The biconcave shape of RBCs maximizes surface area for oxygen diffusion

  • The blood flow rate can be calculated from volume of blood flowing over specific time.

Heart Rate

  • Natural resting heart rate is controlled by pacemaker cells in the right atrium of the heart.
  • Pacemaker cells coordinate heart muscle contractions, regulating heart rate
  • Artificial pacemakers correct irregular heart rhythms by delivering electrical pulses to the heart to regulate the heartbeat.

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AQA GCSE Biology PDF - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System

Description

Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as outlined in the AQA GCSE Biology syllabus. This quiz covers the structure and function of the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and the gas exchange processes necessary for respiration.

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