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Questions and Answers
What is one adaptation of gas exchange surfaces to increase efficiency?
What is one adaptation of gas exchange surfaces to increase efficiency?
Breathing lowers the oxygen level in the alveoli.
Breathing lowers the oxygen level in the alveoli.
False
How many alveoli does each lung contain approximately?
How many alveoli does each lung contain approximately?
250 - 300 million
The total surface area of each lung is around ______.
The total surface area of each lung is around ______.
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Match the following features with their effects on gas exchange:
Match the following features with their effects on gas exchange:
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What process is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
What process is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
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A dense capillary network helps to maintain a low concentration gradient.
A dense capillary network helps to maintain a low concentration gradient.
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What maintains the high concentration gradient for gas exchange?
What maintains the high concentration gradient for gas exchange?
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What is the function of the right side of the heart?
What is the function of the right side of the heart?
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The heart has three chambers: two atria and one ventricle.
The heart has three chambers: two atria and one ventricle.
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What is the primary purpose of the double circulatory system in humans?
What is the primary purpose of the double circulatory system in humans?
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The left side of the heart pumps blood to the ______ under high pressure.
The left side of the heart pumps blood to the ______ under high pressure.
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Why is a double circulatory system beneficial?
Why is a double circulatory system beneficial?
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Veins carry blood away from the heart.
Veins carry blood away from the heart.
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What is the primary function of the valves in the heart?
What is the primary function of the valves in the heart?
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Match the following parts of the heart with their functions:
Match the following parts of the heart with their functions:
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What is the main function of red blood cells?
What is the main function of red blood cells?
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Red blood cells contain a nucleus.
Red blood cells contain a nucleus.
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What protein in red blood cells binds to oxygen?
What protein in red blood cells binds to oxygen?
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The biconcave shape of red blood cells helps maximize the efficiency of _______.
The biconcave shape of red blood cells helps maximize the efficiency of _______.
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Match the following components of blood with their functions:
Match the following components of blood with their functions:
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Which of the following arteries carries deoxygenated blood?
Which of the following arteries carries deoxygenated blood?
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The pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood to the heart.
The pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood to the heart.
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What side of the heart is represented by the left side of a heart diagram?
What side of the heart is represented by the left side of a heart diagram?
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The _______ are found on the outside of the heart.
The _______ are found on the outside of the heart.
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Match the following blood vessels to their descriptions:
Match the following blood vessels to their descriptions:
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What is the primary function of blood in the body?
What is the primary function of blood in the body?
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Capillary walls consist of multiple layers of cells to enhance diffusion.
Capillary walls consist of multiple layers of cells to enhance diffusion.
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What role do valves in veins play?
What role do valves in veins play?
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Blood plasma is primarily composed of ______.
Blood plasma is primarily composed of ______.
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Match the following blood components with their primary function:
Match the following blood components with their primary function:
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If 2460 ml of blood flows through a blood vessel in 4 minutes, what is the rate of blood flow?
If 2460 ml of blood flows through a blood vessel in 4 minutes, what is the rate of blood flow?
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Animal cells possess cell walls.
Animal cells possess cell walls.
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What calculations can be performed using the rate of blood flow?
What calculations can be performed using the rate of blood flow?
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What is the role of the pacemaker in the heart?
What is the role of the pacemaker in the heart?
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The left ventricle pumps blood at a lower pressure than the right ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps blood at a lower pressure than the right ventricle.
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What prevents the backflow of blood in the heart?
What prevents the backflow of blood in the heart?
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Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the __________.
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the __________.
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What happens to deoxygenated blood in the lungs?
What happens to deoxygenated blood in the lungs?
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The walls of the ventricles are thinner than those of the atria.
The walls of the ventricles are thinner than those of the atria.
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The heart muscle relies on __________ for aerobic respiration to produce energy.
The heart muscle relies on __________ for aerobic respiration to produce energy.
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Study Notes
AQA GCSE Biology: Cardiovascular & Respiratory System
- The cardiovascular and respiratory systems are covered in this subject area
- The learning content includes lungs, the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The Lungs
- Lungs have adaptations for efficient gas exchange.
- Large surface area for faster gas diffusion.
- Thin walls, minimizing diffusion distance.
- Good ventilation.
- Good blood supply.
- Gas exchange occurs through the process of diffusion, respiration is essential for maintaining gradients .
- Breathing keeps oxygen levels high and carbon dioxide levels low in the alveoli.
- Lungs contain around 250-300 million alveoli.
- Total lung surface area is about 70m².
Structures in the Lungs
- Ribs: Bone structures protecting the lungs and aiding breathing.
- Intercostal muscles: Muscles between ribs, controlling inhalation and exhalation.
- Diaphragm: Connective tissue and muscle at the thorax base for breathing.
- Trachea: Windpipe connecting mouth/nose to lungs, lined with goblet cells (producing mucus) and cilia (moving mucus).
- Bronchus (plural: bronchi): Larger tubes branching from the trachea, one for each lung. Lined with goblet cells and cilia.
- Bronchioles: Smaller tubes branching from bronchi.
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs for gas exchange; each is covered in capillaries.
The Heart
- The human heart is part of a double circulatory system.
- The heart has four chambers: two atria (top) and two ventricles (bottom).
- The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circuit).
- The left side pumps oxygenated blood around the body (systemic circuit).
- The heart's thick-walled ventricles generate higher pressure for blood circulation.
- Valves prevent backflow.
- The septum separates the two sides of the heart, preventing oxygenated from mixing deoxygenated blood.
- Coronary arteries supply cardiac muscle cells with nutrients.
- The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, where oxygen diffuses in from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
- The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
- The four chambers are divided into top and bottom chambers.
- Chambers at the top are called atria.
- Chambers at the bottom are called ventricles.
Blood Vessels & Blood
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The body has three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
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Arteries carry blood away from the heart (high pressure).
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Veins return blood to the heart (low pressure).
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Capillaries connect arteries to veins, facilitating gas and substance exchange.
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Blood vessel walls have specific structures based on their function.
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Arteries have thick walls to withstand high pressure.
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Veins have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow.
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Capillaries have thin walls for efficient exchange.
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Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
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RBCs carry oxygen.
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WBCs defend against infection
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Platelets aid in blood clotting
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The biconcave shape of RBCs maximizes surface area for oxygen diffusion
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The blood flow rate can be calculated from volume of blood flowing over specific time.
Heart Rate
- Natural resting heart rate is controlled by pacemaker cells in the right atrium of the heart.
- Pacemaker cells coordinate heart muscle contractions, regulating heart rate
- Artificial pacemakers correct irregular heart rhythms by delivering electrical pulses to the heart to regulate the heartbeat.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as outlined in the AQA GCSE Biology syllabus. This quiz covers the structure and function of the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and the gas exchange processes necessary for respiration.
