APUSH Chapter 29 Flashcards

Key Progressive Figures

• Herbert Croly: Advocate of progressive policies, authored The Promise of American Life, supporting regulation of bad trusts while maintaining good trusts.
• Arsene Pujo: Led a Democratic House committee, identified the banking system as the core of the "money monster" necessitating reform.

Political Platforms

• Wilson's Platform (New Freedom): Advocated for dismantling all trusts and supported small business, excluding social welfare initiatives.
• TR's New Nationalism: Encouraged regulation of good trusts, female suffrage, and societal programs like minimum wage and social insurance.

Wilson's Philosophy and Reforms

• Emphasized "self-determination" post-WWI, aiming for democratic governance by the people and highlighting presidential leadership.
• Introduced key economic reforms, including the Underwood Tariff Bill, which lowered tariffs and initiated a graduated income tax.

Economic Legislation

• Federal Reserve Act: Established a crucial economic framework by forming the Federal Reserve Board and 12 regional banks to manage currency supply.
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act: Strengthened antitrust laws, prohibited unfair pricing practices, exempted labor unions, and recognized peaceful assembly for strikes.
• Federal Trade Commission Act: Created a regulatory body to investigate and curb unfair trade practices.

Social and Labor Reforms

• Federal Farm Loan Act: Provided credit to farmers at low interest rates, addressing long-standing Populist demands.
• La Follette Seamen's Act: Mandated sailor welfare with fair wages on American merchant vessels.
• Workingmen's Compensation Act: Offered assistance to federal civil-service employees during disabilities.

Prelude to WWI

• Lusitania Incident: Sinking of a British liner killed nearly 1,200, including 128 Americans, and involved munitions, escalating tensions.
• Sussex Pledge: Germany's promise to cease attacks on ships without warning, later retracted in favor of unrestricted submarine warfare.

Key Alliances in WWI

• Triple Entente (Allies): Comprised Great Britain, France, and Russia.
• Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and initially Italy.

Election and Political Climate

• In the 1912 election, Wilson won mainly due to the split in the Republican vote between Taft and Roosevelt.
• Wilson's Political Weakness: His inflexibility and reluctance to compromise weakened his political effectiveness.

Economic and Social Structure Reform

• Addressed the "triple wall of privilege" (tariffs, banks, and trusts) through determined reform efforts during his administration.
• Advocated for a federal income tax following the adoption of the 16th Amendment, enabling Congress to levy income tax effectively.

Regulatory Framework

• Federal Trade Commission: Created to police monopolies, false advertising, and protect consumer rights.
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act: Provided protections for labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust laws.

International Relations

• Wilson's Approach to Mexico: Initially refused to recognize Huerta's regime while avoiding direct intervention.
• Mediation by ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) helped avert conflict with Mexico.
• General Pershing's Expedition: Launched to capture Pancho Villa following attacks on American citizens.

Impact of World War I

• American sympathy for the Allies was strongly influenced by Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium.
• Following several maritime incidents, Wilson pressured Germany to cease surprise attacks on neutral vessels.

Notable Governance and Public Sentiment

• Wilson's slogan "He kept us out of war" was pivotal in his successful re-election campaign in 1916.
• Roosevelt's Progressive Party symbolized by the "bull moose," represented a third party option during the 1912 election.

Organizations and Leaders

• Samuel Gompers: Praised the Clayton Anti-Trust Act, calling it a "Magna Carta of labor."
• Venustiano Carranza: Mexican leader who faced American intervention and sought to maintain sovereignty while accepting US support.

Test your knowledge with these flashcards from APUSH Chapter 29. Learn about key figures and concepts like Herbert Croly and Arsene Pujo. Enhance your understanding of the progressive era and its impact on American life.