Questions and Answers
Who was a progressive thinker that wrote 'The Promise of American Life'?
What did Arsene Pujo conclude was rooted in the banking system?
the 'money monster'
What was Wilson's platform called?
New Freedom
What did TR's New Nationalism emphasize?
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What was Wilson's political philosophy focused on?
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What significant change did the Underwood Tariff Bill implement?
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What did the Federal Reserve Act establish?
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What was forbidden by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?
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What did the Federal Trade Commission Act create?
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What assistance did the Federal Farm Loan Act provide?
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What did the La Follette Seamen's Act require?
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What did the Workingmen's Compensation Act offer?
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What event did the Lusitania sinking relate to?
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What was the Sussex Pledge?
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Which countries comprised the Triple Entente?
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What were the Central Powers in WWI?
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Why did Wilson win the election of 1912?
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What was Wilson's primary weakness as a politician?
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What three issues did Wilson refer to as the 'triple wall of privilege'?
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What did the 16th Amendment grant Congress the authority to do?
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What was the Federal Trade Commission created for?
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Who was exempted from antitrust prosecution by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?
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How did Wilson reform the banking and financial system?
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Who did Wilson's policies notably fail to aid?
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What was Wilson's initial attitude toward the Mexican government?
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What countries mediated to avoid war between the U.S. and Mexico in 1914?
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What prompted General Pershing's expedition into Mexico?
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What condition increased sympathy for the Allies against Germany?
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What did Wilson pressure Germany to do after the Lusitania sinking?
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What was Wilson's most effective slogan in the 1916 campaign?
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What was the symbol of Roosevelt's Progressive third party in 1912?
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What was the Socialist Party in the 1912 election?
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What did New Freedom represent?
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What does the Federal Reserve Board do?
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What did the Clayton Anti-Trust Act aim to curb?
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What labor reform did the Railway Labor Act establish?
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What Caribbean nation did Wilson intervene in due to instability?
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What key electoral state did Wilson win in 1916?
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Who hailed the Clayton Anti-Trust Act as the 'Magna Carta of labor'?
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Who was General Huerta?
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Who was Venustiano Carranza?
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Which small nation’s neutrality was violated by Germany in WWI?
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In which small European nation was an Austro-Hungarian heir killed, sparking WWI?
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Study Notes
Key Progressive Figures
- Herbert Croly: Advocate of progressive policies, authored The Promise of American Life, supporting regulation of bad trusts while maintaining good trusts.
- Arsene Pujo: Led a Democratic House committee, identified the banking system as the core of the "money monster" necessitating reform.
Political Platforms
- Wilson's Platform (New Freedom): Advocated for dismantling all trusts and supported small business, excluding social welfare initiatives.
- TR's New Nationalism: Encouraged regulation of good trusts, female suffrage, and societal programs like minimum wage and social insurance.
Wilson's Philosophy and Reforms
- Emphasized "self-determination" post-WWI, aiming for democratic governance by the people and highlighting presidential leadership.
- Introduced key economic reforms, including the Underwood Tariff Bill, which lowered tariffs and initiated a graduated income tax.
Economic Legislation
- Federal Reserve Act: Established a crucial economic framework by forming the Federal Reserve Board and 12 regional banks to manage currency supply.
- Clayton Anti-Trust Act: Strengthened antitrust laws, prohibited unfair pricing practices, exempted labor unions, and recognized peaceful assembly for strikes.
- Federal Trade Commission Act: Created a regulatory body to investigate and curb unfair trade practices.
Social and Labor Reforms
- Federal Farm Loan Act: Provided credit to farmers at low interest rates, addressing long-standing Populist demands.
- La Follette Seamen's Act: Mandated sailor welfare with fair wages on American merchant vessels.
- Workingmen's Compensation Act: Offered assistance to federal civil-service employees during disabilities.
Prelude to WWI
- Lusitania Incident: Sinking of a British liner killed nearly 1,200, including 128 Americans, and involved munitions, escalating tensions.
- Sussex Pledge: Germany's promise to cease attacks on ships without warning, later retracted in favor of unrestricted submarine warfare.
Key Alliances in WWI
- Triple Entente (Allies): Comprised Great Britain, France, and Russia.
- Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and initially Italy.
Election and Political Climate
- In the 1912 election, Wilson won mainly due to the split in the Republican vote between Taft and Roosevelt.
- Wilson's Political Weakness: His inflexibility and reluctance to compromise weakened his political effectiveness.
Economic and Social Structure Reform
- Addressed the "triple wall of privilege" (tariffs, banks, and trusts) through determined reform efforts during his administration.
- Advocated for a federal income tax following the adoption of the 16th Amendment, enabling Congress to levy income tax effectively.
Regulatory Framework
- Federal Trade Commission: Created to police monopolies, false advertising, and protect consumer rights.
- Clayton Anti-Trust Act: Provided protections for labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust laws.
International Relations
- Wilson's Approach to Mexico: Initially refused to recognize Huerta's regime while avoiding direct intervention.
- Mediation by ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) helped avert conflict with Mexico.
- General Pershing's Expedition: Launched to capture Pancho Villa following attacks on American citizens.
Impact of World War I
- American sympathy for the Allies was strongly influenced by Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium.
- Following several maritime incidents, Wilson pressured Germany to cease surprise attacks on neutral vessels.
Notable Governance and Public Sentiment
- Wilson's slogan "He kept us out of war" was pivotal in his successful re-election campaign in 1916.
- Roosevelt's Progressive Party symbolized by the "bull moose," represented a third party option during the 1912 election.
Organizations and Leaders
- Samuel Gompers: Praised the Clayton Anti-Trust Act, calling it a "Magna Carta of labor."
- Venustiano Carranza: Mexican leader who faced American intervention and sought to maintain sovereignty while accepting US support.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards from APUSH Chapter 29. Learn about key figures and concepts like Herbert Croly and Arsene Pujo. Enhance your understanding of the progressive era and its impact on American life.
