APUSH Chapter 23 ID's Flashcards

Alliance Systems

• Triple Entente linked Britain, France, and Russia, establishing a chief rivalry with Germany.
• Triple Alliance united Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy, intensifying tensions with Britain.

Causes of WWI

• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, triggered a nationalist controversy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip carried out the assassination in Sarajevo, escalating the situation into a global conflict.

Economic Factors

• Britain enforced a naval blockade on Germany, hindering supplies while maintaining trade with the Allies.

Lusitania and Sussex Incidents

• The sinking of the Lusitania by German U-boats in 1915 resulted in nearly 1,200 deaths, including 128 Americans, stirring American outrage.
• The Sussex incident in 1916 involved the attack on a French steamer, injuring American passengers.

1916 Presidential Election

• Woodrow Wilson defended American pride against war, narrowly winning reelection against Charles Evans Hughes by just 23 electoral votes.

U.S. Entry into WWI

• Key events leading to U.S. involvement included Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, the Zimmermann Telegram's interception, and the Russian Revolution in March 1917.

Russian Revolution

• Russia exited the war by early 1918 after the Bolshevik Revolution led by V.I. Lenin, allowing more German troops to focus on the Western Front.

U.S. Military Contribution

• The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was formed through a draft, augmenting a small standing army with nearly 3 million recruits.

Warfare Technology

• Trench warfare emerged due to the destructive power of modern weapons, resulting in millions of casualties from machine guns, artillery, and chemical weapons.

War Financing

• The U.S. government raised funds through "Liberty Bonds," totaling $23 billion, complemented by nearly $10 billion from new taxes.

Economic Management

• War Boards coordinated various sectors of the economy, controlling transportation, agricultural supplies, and manufacturing during the war.

War Industries Board

• Established in July 1917, the War Industries Board regulated military supplies production, led by financier Bernard Baruch who controlled pricing and output.

National War Labor Board

• This board resolved labor disputes, ensuring an eight-hour workday, fair wages, and upheld workers' rights to organize while preventing strikes.

Labor Strikes and Violence

• The Ludlow Massacre involved a coal miners' strike in Colorado, resulting in 39 deaths, including children, highlighting labor tensions.

The Great Migration

• A significant movement of African Americans from the South to northern cities occurred, driven by poverty, violence, and the prospect of better jobs and freedom.

Peace Movement

• Before 1917, peace movements emerged among various groups, including German Americans and socialists, opposing the war as a capitalist conflict.

Propaganda Efforts

• The Committee on Public Information, led by George Creel, managed pro-war propaganda and encouraged self-censorship among the press.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

• The Espionage Act of 1917 penalized acts against the war effort, while the Sedition Act of 1918 prohibited opposition to the war, targeting critics of the government.

Americanism and Immigration

• "100 Percent Americanism" described anti-immigrant sentiments, affirming a strict interpretation of American identity.

Wilson's 14 Points

• Presented on January 8, 1918, the 14 Points outlined a vision for post-war governance, advocating for national self-determination and the establishment of the League of Nations.

Paris Peace Conference

• The Big Four (Lloyd George, Clemenceau, Orlando, Wilson) collectively addressed peace negotiations, but Wilson couldn't secure approval for all his principles.

War Reparations

• Wilson reluctantly agreed to reparations for Central Powers, establishing a figure later assessed at $56 billion, while advocating for the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles Debate

• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge's reservations limited U.S. commitments to the League of Nations, reflecting concerns about international obligations.

Labor Strikes of 1919

• The Seattle General Strike and Boston Police Strike illustrated labor unrest, prompting violent responses and emphasizing tensions between workers and employers.

Chicago Race Riots

• Triggered by a racially charged incident, the riots resulted in 38 deaths and extensive property damage, highlighting racial tensions in urban areas.

Black Nationalism

• Marcus Garvey's movement encouraged pride in African heritage and sought economic independence for African Americans amid widespread discrimination.

Red Scare

• The 1917 Russian Revolution fueled fears of communism in the U.S., leading to increased anti-radical sentiment and government crackdowns.

Palmer Raids

• Attorney General Palmer coordinated raids in 1920 targeting radical groups, resulting in the arrest of over 6,000 individuals, with minimal evidence found.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two Italian immigrants faced trial for murder in contentious circumstances, resulting in their execution despite questionable evidence and public outcry.

1920 Election and Normalcy

• Warren G. Harding campaigned on a "return to normalcy," contrasting with Wilson's internationalist agenda, winning decisively in the election.