Questions and Answers
Who was the leader of South Carolina's offensive to nullify the Tariff of 1832?
John C. Calhoun
What was Martin Van Buren's nickname?
Little Magician
Which U.S. president had a brilliant record in statecraft but was considered one of the least successful presidents?
John Quincy Adams
What position did Nicholas Biddle hold?
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Who was the leader of the Seminole Indians during their conflict in Florida?
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What was the 'corrupt bargain' scandal related to?
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Which of the following best describes 'King Mob'?
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Who became president after William Henry Harrison's death?
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What was the main opposition of the Anti-Masonic Party?
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Who led the Sauk resistance against the United States in 1832?
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What did the Whig Party oppose?
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What system rewards political supporters with public office?
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What was the purpose of the Tariff of Abominations?
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What did the South Carolina Exposition and Protest advocate for?
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What was the Specie Circular?
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What does the term 'slavocracy' refer to?
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What was the Trail of Tears?
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What caused the Panic of 1837?
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What did the Force Bill authorize?
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What Indian removal policy was enacted in 1830?
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What were pet banks?
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What was the Lone Star Republic?
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Study Notes
John C. Calhoun
- Prominent leader in South Carolina advocating for nullification of the Tariff of 1832.
- Believed nullification preserved the Union while preventing southern secession.
- Authored "The South Carolina Exposition" in 1828, denouncing the tariff as unjust and unconstitutional.
- Proposed states declare the tariff null and void within their borders.
Martin Van Buren
- Served as Secretary of State under Andrew Jackson; nominated as Jackson's successor in 1836.
- Known as "Little Magician," became the first president born under the American flag.
- His presidency faced numerous challenges and lacked overwhelming support, viewed as Jackson's "yes man."
John Quincy Adams
- Highly experienced and intelligent, he won the presidency in 1824 through House of Representatives vote.
- Known for nationalism and advocacy of the American System; his presidency was hampered by formality and sarcasm.
- Seen as a successful Secretary of State but struggled as president.
Nicholas Biddle
- President of the Bank of the United States; wielded significant power over U.S. finances.
- Described as brilliant but arrogant; identified as "Czar Nicolas I" by bank opponents.
- The bank was crucial for economic stability and a chief depository for federal funds.
Osceola
- Leader of the Seminole Indians during the conflict in Florida, leading guerrilla war for seven years.
- Captured under a flag of truce in 1837, leading to his suspicious death and the defeat of the Seminoles.
Corrupt Bargain
- Political scandal from the 1824 election involving Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams.
- Allegations of a deal ensuring Adams' presidency in exchange for appointing Clay as Secretary of State.
- The controversy lasted for years despite lack of solid proof.
King Mob
- Nickname for Andrew Jackson given by conservatives after his 1828 inauguration.
- The term reflected concerns over the influx of common people to Washington, challenging traditional elitism.
- Inaugural chaos symbolized a shift from Jeffersonian simplicity to Jacksonian populism.
John Tyler
- Virginia politician selected as VP under William Henry Harrison.
- Became the first vice president to ascend to presidency following Harrison’s death.
Anti-Masonic Party
- Emerged in the 1832 election, opposing the secretive practices of the Freemasons.
- Gained traction due to public fear surrounding Masonic influence, especially following a related murder in 1826.
- The party attracted evangelical Protestants, becoming an anti-Jackson political force before merging into the Whig Party.
Black Hawk
- Leader of the Sauk Tribe, led resistance against U.S. eviction from Illinois and Wisconsin.
- His forces were ultimately defeated by regular U.S. troops in 1832.
Whig Party
- Formed in the 1830s in opposition to Jackson's presidency and style.
- Named after the British political party opposing the monarchy.
- Initially lacked cohesive ideology but unified against Jackson's perceived tyranny.
Spoils System
- Jackson's practice of rewarding loyal supporters with public office.
- Established party loyalty over economic class or geographic claims, rooted in political tradition.
Tariff of Abominations
- Tariff proposed in 1828 intending to undermine Adams; unexpectedly passed.
- Southern states opposed due to the economic burden it placed on them as consumers with little industrial output.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
- Secretly penned by Calhoun in 1828, called for state nullification of the tariff.
- Extended the idea of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions by directly challenging federal authority.
Tariff of 1832
- Aimed to reduce tensions from the Tariff of 1828 but fell short of southern expectations.
- Caused increased agitation in South Carolina, setting the stage for further conflicts.
Specie Circular
- Decree mandating public land purchases in metallic currency to curb speculation.
- Led to financial panic in 1837 as it sharply reversed previous credit expansion.
Slavocracy
- Northern term describing perceived southern agenda to expand slavery into new territories, particularly Texas.
- Antislavery factions feared this political move as an elite conspiracy for expanding slaveholdings.
Trail of Tears
- The forced relocation route of Southeastern tribes to reservations west of the Mississippi from 1838 to 1839.
- Many Native Americans died during this grim march, highlighting the cruelty of U.S. removal policies.
Panic of 1837
- Economic crisis attributed to rampant speculation and financial mismanagement.
- Resulted in widespread bank failures and hardship, exacerbated by Jackson’s fiscal policies.
Force Bill
- Legislation allowing the president to use military force to enforce tariff collections.
- Known as the "Bloody Bill" among Southern opposition.
Seminole Indians
- Resisted removal from their Florida lands, representing a complex resistance to U.S. expansion.
- Their struggle exemplified the broader conflicts between Native sovereignty and American policy.
Lone Star Republic
- Formed in 1836 following Texas' declaration of independence from Mexico.
- Led by Sam Houston, it marked a significant territorial and political change in North America.
Pet Banks
- State banks established to deposit federal funds after the dismantling of the National Bank.
- Contributed to economic instability by flooding the market with paper money leading to the Panic of 1837.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
- Law facilitating the forced relocation of all Native tribes east of the Mississippi.
- Heavily impacted the Five Civilized Tribes, leading to severe loss of life and culture.
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Description
Explore key concepts and figures from Chapter 13 of AP U.S. History, including John C. Calhoun's role in the nullification crisis. These flashcards will help you grasp the complexities of 19th-century American politics and understand how similar events shaped the future of the nation.
