US History Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

How did President Lincoln's leadership affect the Union's Civil War victory?

President Lincoln was committed to keeping the nation united, particularly the North. His steady leadership kept northern spirits up during the difficult war.

How did African Americans in the South respond to the end of the war?

African Americans sought to find and enjoy the freedom they were promised. Some stayed in the South to rebuild their lives, while many migrated westward.

Discuss the impact the end of the Civil War had on American politics. How did it ultimately affect modern America?

The end of the war signified the end of disunity and the threat of secession. It promoted national identity and acceptance of an expanded role for the federal government.

What was the outcome of the Siege of Petersburg?

The Siege of Petersburg led to the retreat of the Confederate army and General Lee's surrender to General Grant. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast Daniel Webster and John Calhoun's response to the Compromise of 1850.

Daniel Webster was against the expansion of slavery but supported the Compromise, while John Calhoun believed slavery agitation would lead to the South's secession. Signup and view all the answers

How did southerners respond to northern objections to the Compromise of 1850?

Southerners defended slavery, arguing it created a stable society, and published texts asserting their claims. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the publication of novels like Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Martin Delany's Blake have on the American public at the time?

The novels put a face on slavery, increasing opposition in the North and instilling fear in Southern slave owners. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the Compromise have on relations between the North and South?

The Compromise provided a temporary solution but also caused conflict over states' rights and popular sovereignty. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss Harriet Tubman's significance to the abolitionist movement.

Tubman escaped slavery and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping hundreds of slaves reach freedom. Signup and view all the answers

How did northerners and southerners view slavery?

Northerners had mixed views, some opposed slavery while others wanted to limit it, while southerners largely supported its continuation and expansion. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Free-Soil Party affect the issues and the outcome of the presidential election of 1848?

The Free-Soil Party made slavery expansion a national issue and won enough votes to cost the Democrats the election. Signup and view all the answers

What were the provisions of the Compromise of 1850?

California became a free state and popular sovereignty was applied to new territories; slavery remained legal in Washington, D.C. Signup and view all the answers

Why did northerners oppose the Fugitive Slave Act, and how did they respond to the law?

Northerners opposed it because it forced them to support slavery; many refused to comply and helped enslaved people escape. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Compromise of 1850 differ from the Wilmot Proviso?

The Wilmot Proviso sought to make all territories free, while the Compromise allowed popular sovereignty to decide each territory's status. Signup and view all the answers

The Wilmot Proviso applied to?

Territories ceded in the Mexican-American War. Signup and view all the answers

What can you infer about the legal status of people who had escaped from slavery along the Underground Railroad into northern states?

Fugitive slaves could be legally returned to their owners if caught because they were not protected by law. Signup and view all the answers

Why were people fleeing slavery using the Underground Railroad to escape into Canada?

Both federal and some state laws allowed fugitives to be returned to slavery, even in free states. Signup and view all the answers

Why did violence break out in Kansas?

The Kansas-Nebraska Act led to conflict between pro- and antislavery settlers as each side attempted to control the territory. Signup and view all the answers

How did deepening sectional differences impact national politics?

Sectional differences reshaped politics, leading to the collapse of the Whig Party and the emergence of new parties like the Republican Party. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main findings in the Dred Scott case?

The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories. Signup and view all the answers

What were Lincoln's views on slavery and popular sovereignty?

Lincoln opposed both slavery and popular sovereignty. Signup and view all the answers

How did northerners respond to John Brown's raid and execution?

Most condemned the violence, though many sympathized with Brown's principles, seeing him as a martyr. Signup and view all the answers

According to the cartoon, who is primarily to blame for the Freesoilers' situation?

Supporters of popular sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a nullification of the Missouri Compromise?

Popular sovereignty in Nebraska Signup and view all the answers

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act and what consequences did it have on the region?

It divided the Nebraska Territory and allowed territories to decide on slavery, leading to violent conflict in Kansas. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the positions of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas on slavery in their Senate debates.

Douglas supported popular sovereignty and was somewhat sympathetic to slavery, while Lincoln opposed slavery's expansion and popular sovereignty. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the 'Know-Nothings' and how were they an example of the changing political landscape in the 1850s?

The 'Know-Nothings' were a nativist group opposing immigration who responded with 'I know nothing' when questioned. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Dred Scott ruling deepen political divisions in the United States?

The ruling pleased southerners but enraged antislavery northerners, intensifying political conflict. Signup and view all the answers

How did John Brown differ from other antislavery politicians like Abraham Lincoln?

Unlike Lincoln, Brown believed violence was necessary to end slavery and attempted a raid on Harpers Ferry. Signup and view all the answers

How was Lincoln able to win election as President without carrying any southern states?

Lincoln won large numbers of votes in the North, while Southern votes were divided among three candidates. Signup and view all the answers

How did the election of 1860 reflect the break between the North and the South?

Lincoln won without Southern electoral votes, highlighting the regional divisions in political support. Signup and view all the answers

What events led to the onset of the Civil War?

Lincoln's election prompted secession of southern states, leading to conflict beginning at Fort Sumter. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Union and the Confederacy compare in strengths and weaknesses?

The Union had a larger population and resources, while the Confederacy had motivated citizens and military leaders. Signup and view all the answers

How did the early battles of the Civil War surprise both sides?

Both sides expected a quick resolution, but the fighting was prolonged and more intense than anticipated. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Union advance into Confederate territory in the summer of 1862, and what was the result of this campaign?

Lincoln ordered an attack on Richmond; however, McClellan's cautious approach resulted in a series of retreats. Signup and view all the answers

What was the first battle of the Civil War?

Fort Sumter Signup and view all the answers

Why did the South win most of the early battles of the Civil War?

The South had the advantage of fighting on home territory and possessed excellent military officers. Signup and view all the answers

Which event immediately preceded the writing of South Carolina's Declaration?

The election of Abraham Lincoln Signup and view all the answers

What was the Republican Party's platform and what factors led to its nomination of Abraham Lincoln in the presidential campaign of 1860?

The platform called for the end of slavery expansion, seeking a moderate candidate with integrity, leading to Lincoln's nomination. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main ideals of the Confederate States of America, and why was Jefferson Davis chosen as its president?

The Confederacy aimed to establish a government protecting slavery and states' rights, with Davis elected to appease those seeking reconciliation. Signup and view all the answers

What were the Confederacy's military and political strategies to win the Civil War?

Confederates aimed to engage Union forces strategically and sought alliances with Britain and France for support. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of warships in the Civil War?

Warships played a critical role in blockades and naval battles, impacting supply lines and strategy. Signup and view all the answers

In what way did President Lincoln and General McClellan disagree on Union strategy?

McClellan was very cautious, while Lincoln was anxious for military victories. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Lincoln consider emancipation, and why did he wait to announce his plan?

Lincoln knew slavery was crucial to the Civil War and wanted European support; he waited for a Union victory. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have?

It freed enslaved persons in rebelling areas and inspired African Americans to join the fight. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the Emancipation Proclamation have on African American soldiers?

Union armies recruited more African Americans, with over 180,000 volunteering to serve. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was an effect of the Emancipation Proclamation?

African American soldiers joined the Union Army. Signup and view all the answers

Why did President Lincoln need a major military victory to win public support for the Emancipation Proclamation?

The Union had lost many battles, making the proclamation seem hopeless; a win at Antietam provided a boost. Signup and view all the answers

The 54th Massachusetts Regiment was the first regiment:

Composed of African American soldiers. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the Battle of Antietam have on the Union and Confederate armies?

It resulted in over 23,000 casualties and forced General Lee to retreat. Signup and view all the answers

How did critics respond to the Emancipation Proclamation, and what impact did it have on American politics?

Critics were divided; some wanted more, others wanted less, affecting the upcoming congressional elections. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment on the Union war effort.

It showcased the capabilities of African American soldiers and helped change perceptions about their role in the military. Signup and view all the answers

How did enslaved African Americans in the South help the Union war effort?

They provided crops, served as spies, and formed military regiments. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Confederacy's policy regarding African American soldiers?

They only considered drafting slaves and free African Americans, missing an opportunity to strengthen their forces. Signup and view all the answers

What economic impact did the Civil War have on the North?

The North experienced increased industrial growth, taxation, and tariff rates to fund the war. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the South face more severe economic challenges than the North?

The South relied on agriculture and was crippled by blockades and inflation. Signup and view all the answers

What dangers did soldiers face during the war?

They faced advanced weaponry, diseases, infections, and harsh conditions in prison camps. Signup and view all the answers

What was one achievement of Clara Barton?

She helped organize relief and support services for soldiers during the Civil War. Signup and view all the answers

Jonathan Letterman improved medical care during the Civil War by:

Streamlining ambulance services. Signup and view all the answers

What were some advantages to the new technology used in the Civil War? What were some disadvantages?

Advantages included improved medical care and transportation; disadvantages included deadlier weapons and higher casualties. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Confederate life was most affected by the shortage of paper and ink during the war?

Communication Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the reasons the South experienced more severe shortages during the war than the North?

The South was less industrialized, suffered from blockades, and relied too heavily on agriculture. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss how the role of women changed during the Civil War.

Women took on roles traditionally held by men, including managing farms and businesses, and serving as nurses. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Union's system of conscription work? What were some criticisms of this system?

Conscription targeted white males aged 20-45, allowing wealthier individuals to buy replacements, leading to unrest. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the steps the Union took to increase revenue for the war effort.

The Union imposed income taxes, raised tariffs, and sold government bonds. Signup and view all the answers

How did the war affect settlement in the West and the Intercontinental Railroad?

Settlement increased due to the Homestead Act and land grants for railroad construction. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how foreign countries and entrepreneurs assisted the South's ailing economy.

Britain helped build blockade runners, and entrepreneurs developed ironworks in the South. Signup and view all the answers

What geographic significance did the Battle of Gettysburg have?

It took place on Union soil. Signup and view all the answers

What were the respective objectives of General Grant's and General Sherman's campaigns in 1864?

Grant aimed for Richmond, while Sherman targeted Savannah. Signup and view all the answers

Which Union campaign sought to seize control of a major Confederate supply line?

Atlanta Signup and view all the answers

The military strategy of Sherman's Atlanta and Savannah campaigns is an example of:

Total war. Signup and view all the answers

Atlanta and Savannah were both important military targets because they were:

Transportation hubs. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of the Battle of Vicksburg.

It was a key stronghold for the Confederacy, pivotal for controlling the Mississippi River. Signup and view all the answers

What did General Lee hope to accomplish by invading the North?

He aimed to embarrass the Union and gain international support. Signup and view all the answers

What long-term consequences did the Battle of Gettysburg have on the Confederate war effort?

It marked the end of Confederate offensives into the North and forced a defensive position. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how General Sherman's 'March to the Sea' demonstrated a total war strategy.

Sherman targeted both military and civilian resources along a destructive path to Savannah. Signup and view all the answers

What difficulties did Lincoln face during the 1864 presidential campaign?

Lincoln lost some party support, facing skepticism about his commitment to ending slavery. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the North win the Civil War?

The North had more resources, a larger population, and better industrial capabilities. Signup and view all the answers

What economic effects did the Civil War have on the North and the South?

The North expanded economically while the South struggled with debt and devastation. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Land Grant College Act affect education in the United States?

The government became involved in public higher education. Signup and view all the answers

What did John Wilkes Booth hope to accomplish with the assassination of President Lincoln?

He aimed to avenge the Confederacy and cause political chaos. Signup and view all the answers

Why would the siege of Petersburg prove to be one of the most significant conflicts of the Civil War?

It was a prolonged engagement that ultimately led to the fall of Richmond and the end of the Confederacy. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Compromise of 1850

Daniel Webster supported the Compromise of 1850 despite opposing the expansion of slavery, while John Calhoun defended slavery and warned of Southern secession.
The Compromise sought to resolve sectional conflicts but heightened tensions regarding states' rights and popular sovereignty.

Southern Defenses of Slavery

Southerners argued slavery created a stable society, portraying enslaved workers as happy and well cared for.
They published literature to counter Northern criticism of slavery.

Impact of Novels on Anti-Slavery Sentiment

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s "Uncle Tom’s Cabin" humanized the plight of slaves, increasing Northern opposition to slavery.
Martin Delany's "Blake" presented a violent rebellion against slavery, instilling fear in Southern slave owners.

Provisions of the Compromise of 1850

California entered as a free state; popular sovereignty was applied to new territories from Mexico.
The Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened, requiring citizens to apprehend runaway slaves.

Northern and Southern Views on Slavery

Northerners had mixed views: abolitionists opposed slavery, while others wanted to limit it to the South.
Southern economy heavily relied on slavery, and there was widespread support for its continuation and expansion.

Emergence of the Free-Soil Party

The Free-Soil Party, led by Martin Van Buren, championed limiting slavery’s expansion, influencing the 1848 presidential election.
It cost Democratic candidate Lewis Cass the election, paving the way for Whig Zachary Taylor’s presidency.

Responses to the Fugitive Slave Act

Northerners largely opposed the Fugitive Slave Act, often refusing to comply and creating personal liberty laws.
Many assisted the Underground Railroad, exposing slavery's harsh realities through literature.

Differentiation from the Wilmot Proviso

The Wilmot Proviso sought to make all territories acquired from Mexico free, whereas the Compromise of 1850 allowed each territory to decide.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Introduced popular sovereignty, resulting in violent conflicts known as "Bleeding Kansas" between pro- and anti-slavery settlers.

Political Realignment

The Whig Party disintegrated over slavery, leading to the rise of new parties, including the Republican Party representing northern antislavery interests.

Dred Scott Case Rulings

The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, deepening sectional divide.

Lincoln vs. Douglas on Slavery

Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery's expansion; Stephen A. Douglas supported popular sovereignty to appeal to both Northern and Southern voters.

Know-Nothings Political Landscape

The Know-Nothings’ anti-immigration stance reflected shifts in American politics, eventually leading to factionalism over slavery.

John Brown's Actions

John Brown's violence, including the raid on Harpers Ferry, highlighted extreme measures taken against slavery, contrasting with Lincoln's political approach.

Election of 1860 Consequences

Lincoln won without Southern electoral votes, highlighting deep regional divides as Southern states began secession following his victory.

Civil War Onset

Lincoln's election triggered seven Southern states to form the Confederacy, culminating in the attack on Fort Sumter, officially starting the Civil War.

Union vs. Confederacy Strengths

The Union had greater resources and an organized government; the Confederacy relied on motivation, military leadership, and familiarity with their terrain.

Early Civil War Battles

Early battles saw unexpected resilience from both sides, with high casualty rates and a prolonged conflict beyond initial expectations.

Lincoln and McClellan's Strategic Disagreement

Lincoln pushed for decisive action against the Confederacy, while McClellan's cautious approach led to missed opportunities.

Emancipation Considerations

Acknowledging slavery's significance, Lincoln delayed the Emancipation Proclamation until a Union military victory was secured.

Emancipation Proclamation Impacts

Issued on January 1, 1863, it freed slaves in rebelling states, motivated African Americans to fight, and transformed the war’s purpose regarding slavery.

Effect on African American Soldiers

The Emancipation Proclamation encouraged enlistment among African Americans, contributing significantly to the Union's military efforts.### African American Participation in the Civil War
Over 180,000 African Americans volunteered for the Union Army, contributing significantly to its strength.
Approximately 70,000 African American soldiers lost their lives during the conflict.
Initial prejudices resulted in poor treatment of African American soldiers, despite their valor and services.
Achievements included the attainment of equal pay and some high honors for distinguished service.

Emancipation Proclamation Effects

The proclamation led to increased recruitment of African American soldiers for the Union Army.
It was perceived as a symbol of hope and a turning point after the Union's victory at the Battle of Antietam.

Notable African American Regiment

The 54th Massachusetts Regiment was the first all-African American regiment, known for its valiant participation in battles like Fort Wagner.

Battle of Antietam

Marked the bloodiest day in the Civil War, with over 23,000 casualties, forcing General Lee to retreat.
The Union victory provided a platform for President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Political Reactions to the Emancipation Proclamation

Excitement among many northerners contrasted with criticism from both Republicans and Democrats regarding its scope and impact.
Critics argued it either did not go far enough or was too radical, influencing subsequent congressional elections.

Contributions of Enslaved African Americans

Enslaved individuals supported the Union effort passively by provisioning troops and actively by serving as spies and soldiers in regiments.

Confederacy and Recruitment Policy

The South’s reluctance to enlist African Americans limited its military capacity and undermined its war efforts.

Economic Impact of the Civil War on the North

The North increased revenue by implementing income taxes, raising tariffs, and selling war bonds.
Northern industries adapted to war demands, leading to railroad expansions.

Economic Challenges in the South

The South faced severe shortages due to agricultural dependence and northern blockades, leading to inflation and scarcity of goods.

Soldiers' Risks and Medical Care

Soldiers dealt with high casualties from new weapon technology and suffered from infected wounds and disease.
Clara Barton and Jonathan Letterman were pivotal in improving medical care during the war.

Effects of New Technology

Advancements like improved medical care, railroads, and ironclad ships enhanced war efforts while also increasing casualty rates.

Women's Roles during the War

Women took over traditional male roles, including managing businesses and nursing, reflecting a significant shift in societal roles.

Union Conscription System

Mandatory draft laws applied to white males aged 20-45, leading to social unrest, notably the New York Draft Riots.

Land Grant College Act

This legislation facilitated government involvement in public higher education, promoting more practical skill sets in education.

Conflicts and Military Strategies

Key battles like Gettysburg and Vicksburg emphasized the strategic importance of terrain and resources while Sherman’s campaigns exemplified total war tactics.

Lincoln's Leadership

Lincoln's leadership during the war helped maintain northern morale and facilitated the Union's eventual victory.

Post-War Responses of African Americans

The end of the war prompted African Americans to seek freedom and economic opportunities, with many migrating westward.

Long-term Political Impact of the Civil War

The war solidified national unity, diminished the feasibility of secession, and shifted focus towards increased federal authority over states’ rights.

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Test your knowledge on the responses of Daniel Webster and John Calhoun to the Compromise of 1850. This quiz will help you understand the differing perspectives surrounding this critical moment in US history. Dive into key points and implications that shaped the nation's future.