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Questions and Answers
What is a matrilinear?
What is a matrilinear?
Society with power going through the maternal side.
What is a confederacy?
What is a confederacy?
A weak alliance of peoples.
What is a caravel?
What is a caravel?
A small vessel with three triangular sails.
What is a plantation?
What is a plantation?
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What was encomienda?
What was encomienda?
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Who were the mestizo?
Who were the mestizo?
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How did the Great Ice Age affect the Americas?
How did the Great Ice Age affect the Americas?
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What was the Canadian shield?
What was the Canadian shield?
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What land bridge allowed people to come to the Americas?
What land bridge allowed people to come to the Americas?
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What was the first cereal used by Native Americans?
What was the first cereal used by Native Americans?
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How did the less advanced Native American civilizations (north of Mexico) live?
How did the less advanced Native American civilizations (north of Mexico) live?
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What is the oldest mountain range in North America?
What is the oldest mountain range in North America?
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Who are the Anasazis?
Who are the Anasazis?
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What was the Native American agricultural system called, and what did it contain?
What was the Native American agricultural system called, and what did it contain?
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What is the name for the belief that the Spaniards attacked, pillaged, and ravaged all Native Americans nonsensically?
What is the name for the belief that the Spaniards attacked, pillaged, and ravaged all Native Americans nonsensically?
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What was the largest Anasazi pueblo?
What was the largest Anasazi pueblo?
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Which two Spanish monarchs were reigning during Columbus' request and what kingdoms did they unite?
Which two Spanish monarchs were reigning during Columbus' request and what kingdoms did they unite?
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What treaty split up the Americas between Spain and Portugal?
What treaty split up the Americas between Spain and Portugal?
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What was the Aztec capital?
What was the Aztec capital?
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What was the Pueblo uprising in rejection of Christianity called?
What was the Pueblo uprising in rejection of Christianity called?
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What is June 30th, 1520 known as and why?
What is June 30th, 1520 known as and why?
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Who started a chain of missions in California?
Who started a chain of missions in California?
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What does the book cite as the Native American population before Columbus?
What does the book cite as the Native American population before Columbus?
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What is the name for the prehistoric inland sea whose present remnant is the Great Salt Lake?
What is the name for the prehistoric inland sea whose present remnant is the Great Salt Lake?
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Which Portuguese navigators first used caravels to circumvent the African coast?
Which Portuguese navigators first used caravels to circumvent the African coast?
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Who was John Cabot?
Who was John Cabot?
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Who explored the Southern U.S. (New Mexico, Arizona, Texas)?
Who explored the Southern U.S. (New Mexico, Arizona, Texas)?
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What was the name of the god Cortes was mistaken as?
What was the name of the god Cortes was mistaken as?
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Who was the Aztec ruler during Cortes' arrival?
Who was the Aztec ruler during Cortes' arrival?
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Name the major four Native American civilizations and describe them.
Name the major four Native American civilizations and describe them.
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What was Cahokia?
What was Cahokia?
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Who created the Iroquois Confederacy?
Who created the Iroquois Confederacy?
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What is the trading of New and Old World cultures called?
What is the trading of New and Old World cultures called?
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What is (GGG) and how did it affect Spanish Conquistadors?
What is (GGG) and how did it affect Spanish Conquistadors?
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What did Balboa do?
What did Balboa do?
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What did Magellan do?
What did Magellan do?
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Who searched for the fountain of youth?
Who searched for the fountain of youth?
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Who crossed the Mississippi in search for gold?
Who crossed the Mississippi in search for gold?
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How did Spain gain so much silver?
How did Spain gain so much silver?
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What Native American helped Cortes?
What Native American helped Cortes?
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Who did France send to the eastern seaboard?
Who did France send to the eastern seaboard?
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Who went up the St. Lawrence River?
Who went up the St. Lawrence River?
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How did the Spanish halt French/English advancements in the Americas?
How did the Spanish halt French/English advancements in the Americas?
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Who led men to New Mexico where they massacred Pueblo people in the Battle of Acoma?
Who led men to New Mexico where they massacred Pueblo people in the Battle of Acoma?
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What is the pueblo temple of worship?
What is the pueblo temple of worship?
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What French explorer explored the Mississippi?
What French explorer explored the Mississippi?
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Who founded San Diego?
Who founded San Diego?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Early American History
- Matrilinear Society: Power and inheritance flow through the maternal line, exemplified by the Iroquois.
- Confederacy: A weak alliance of tribes or peoples, as seen with the Iroquois Confederacy.
- Caravel: A small, maneuverable ship with three triangular sails developed by the Portuguese for oceanic navigation.
- Plantation: Large agricultural estates primarily focused on cash crops, heavily reliant on enslaved labor, particularly in the West Indies.
- Encomienda System: Spanish labor system exploiting Native Americans for labor under the guise of conversion to Christianity.
Native American Identities and Cultures
- Mestizo: Mixed heritage individuals, specifically of Spanish and Indigenous descent.
- Anasazis: Native American civilization in the Southwestern U.S., known for their cliff dwellings, particularly in the Southwest.
- Three-Sister Farming: A sustainable agricultural method using maize, squash, and beans, promoting soil fertility and diversity.
- Pueblo Revolt: Also known as Pope's Rebellion, a revolt by Pueblo people against Spanish colonization and forced conversion.
Geographic and Environmental Impacts
- Great Ice Age: Melting glaciers carved the Great Lakes and Mississippi River, shaping North American geography.
- Canadian Shield: A large rock formation covering parts of Canada and the northern U.S, consisting mostly of igneous rock.
- Lake Bonneville: A prehistoric inland sea whose remaining feature is the Great Salt Lake in Utah.
Major Civilizations and Explorations
- Native American Population Pre-Columbus: Estimated at 4 million.
- Aztecs: Advanced civilization centered in Mexico, notable for impressive mathematical and astronomical knowledge.
- Inca: Empire in Peru known for an extensive road network, ultimately conquered by Pizarro.
- Maya: Civilization that thrived with achievements in math and astronomy, particularly known for their calendar and pyramids.
European Exploration and Conquest
- Treaty of Tordesillas: Agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal, with Spain receiving the majority of territories.
- Columbus: Significant figure in European exploration, falsely viewed by the Aztecs as the god Quetzalcoatl upon arrival.
- Hernán Cortés: Conqueror of the Aztec Empire; the fall of Tenochtitlan was marked by "noche triste."
- Magellan: His expedition became the first to circumnavigate the Earth.
- Spanish Conquistadors: Driven by "Gold, Glory, and God," leading to widespread conquest and colonization.
Religious and Cultural Exchanges
- Black Legend: The narrative depicting Spanish colonizers as oppressors of Native Americans, often exaggerating their brutality.
- Columbian Exchange: The transfer of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, technology, and ideas between the New World and the Old World.
Important Figures and Events
- Don Juan de Oñate: Led violent expeditions in the Southwest, notably the massacre at the Battle of Acoma.
- Father Junipero Serra: Established missions in California, founding San Diego.
- Robert de La Salle: French explorer known for navigating the Mississippi River and claiming the region for France.
- Malinche: Native American woman who served as an interpreter and advisor to Cortés during the conquest of the Aztecs.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from APUSH Chapter 1 with these flashcards. Explore important terms such as matrilinear societies, confederacies, and caravel vessels, all of which shaped early American history. Perfect for students preparing for AP US History exams.
