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Questions and Answers
Who was nominated for president in 1868 by the Republicans?
What was 'Black Friday' in 1869?
A plot by Jim Fisk and Jay Gould to raise the gold market price.
Boss Tweed employed bribery and graft to extract $200 million from New York.
True
What did the Panic of 1873 cause?
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What was the main purpose of the Resumption Act of 1875?
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Who won the election of 1884?
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What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 guarantee?
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The People's Party was formed by frustrated farmers.
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What caused the Panic of 1893?
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The ____ Exclusion Act halted Chinese immigration into America.
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What was the main issue in the election of 1888?
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What was the primary goal of the Pendleton Act of 1883?
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Grover Cleveland vetoed a bill that provided seeds for drought-ravaged Texas farmers.
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What did Thomas B. Reed do as Speaker of the House?
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Who led the Populist Party?
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The ____ Tariff Act raised tariffs and troubled farmers.
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Match the following historical figures with their positions or roles:
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Study Notes
General Grant
- Nominated as the Republican presidential candidate in 1868.
- Advocated for Reconstruction and peace, winning the election.
Hortatio Seymour
- Nominated as the Democratic candidate for the presidency.
Black Friday
- Occurred on September 24, 1869, involving a scheme by Jim Fisk and Jay Gould to inflate gold prices.
- The U.S. Treasury intervened by selling gold reserves to stabilize the market.
Boss Tweed
- Led corrupt practices in New York, amassing around $200 million through bribery and fraud before being imprisoned.
Corruption
- Rampant among public and federal government officials, undermining ethics in governance.
Credit Mobilier Scandal
- Exposed in 1872, Union Pacific Railroad executives inflated construction costs, leading to scandals involving government officials.
Liberal Republican Party
- Formed in 1872 in response to political corruption, nominating Horace Greeley for president.
The Democratic Party
- Also chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate in 1872.
The Republican Party
- Nominated Ulysses S. Grant for a second term in 1872; he won the election.
Amnesty Act of 1872
- Passed to remove political restrictions on most former Confederate leaders, alongside mild civil-service reforms.
Panic of 1873
- Triggered by over-speculation, leading to a wave of loan defaults as investors lost confidence.
Greenback
- The currency depreciated due to distrust in government financial dealings.
Resumption Act of 1875
- Mandated the withdrawal of greenbacks and redeeming currency in gold starting in 1879.
Silver Dollars
- Ceased to be minted by Congress in 1873 due to diminishing silver sales.
Contraction
- The U.S. Treasury stockpiled gold in preparation for resuming metallic monetary standards.
Redemption Day
- In 1879, the reduced circulation increased the value of greenbacks, leading to a backlash against the hard-money policy.
Gilded Age
- Characterized by a balance between political parties in government, reflecting a complex political landscape.
Republican Voters
- Advocated for strict moral standards and government intervention in economic affairs; predominantly located in the Midwest and Northeast.
Democrat Voters
- Composed of immigrant groups supporting tolerance and pluralism, primarily found in the South and northern industrial cities.
Stalwart Faction
- Led by Roscoe Conkling, supported the spoils system whereby civil service jobs were distributed based on political support.
Half-Breeds
- Opposed Stalwarts, led by James G. Blaine, focusing on reforming the spoils system.
Two-Term Tradition
- Congress reinforced the custom of limiting presidents to two terms, spurred by Grant's desire for a third term.
Rutherford B. Hayes
- Selected as the Republican candidate in the 1876 presidential election.
Samuel J. Tilden
- Nominated by the Democrats in the same election, securing more popular votes than Hayes.
The election of 1876
- Tilden nearly achieved victory, falling one electoral vote short due to contested ballots from several Southern states.
Electoral Count Act
- Established an electoral commission in 1877 to resolve the disputed 1876 election, favoring Republicans in its outcome.
Hayes-Tilden Deal
- Hayes could take office if he withdrew federal troops from Southern states, leading to the decline of federal protection for racial equality.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
- Intended to guarantee equal public accommodations, but later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Ending of Reconstruction
- White Democrats regained control in the South, implementing discriminatory measures against black citizens.
Crop-lien System
- Sharecropping led to a cycle of debt for black farmers renting land from plantations.
Jim Crow Laws
- Instituted state-level segregation and disenfranchised black voters through literacy tests and registration restrictions.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
- Supreme Court ruling legitimized segregation under "separate but equal" doctrine.
Strike following the Panic of 1873
- Labor unrest ensued as economic conditions worsened, highlighting labor movements' fragility.
American Dream
- Many immigrants sought prosperity in the U.S., often faced with disillusionment.
Chinese Exclusion Act
- Enacted to address economic grievances against Chinese laborers, restricting their immigration.
James A. Garfield
- Nominated as the Republican candidate in 1880, succeeded Hayes with Chester A. Arthur as vice president.
Garfield's Assassination
- Garfield was murdered by Charles J. Guiteau, who sought favor for the Stalwart faction.
Reforming
- Garfield's assassination prompted calls for civil service reform, with Arthur surprisingly supporting changes.
Pendleton Act of 1883
- Instituted regulations for federal employee campaign contributions, establishing the Civil Service Commission.
Civil Service Commission
- Mandated competitive examinations for federal job appointments, reducing corruption.
James G. Blaine
- Served as the Republican presidential candidate in the 1884 election.
Grover Cleveland
- Democratic nominee and winner of the 1884 election, recognized for his integrity.
The Party of Disunion
- Concerns arose about the Democrats' ability to govern effectively in the wake of the Civil War.
Cleveland's Veto
- Vetoed a relief bill for drought-stricken Texas, emphasizing limited government assistance.
The Grand Army of the Republic
- Lobbied for veterans' pensions, facing numerous vetoes from President Cleveland.
High Tariff Results
- Surplus in Treasury due to high tariffs implemented during the Civil War raised revenue.
Low Tariff Laws
- Cleveland's proposed tariff reductions contradicted party support, reducing his popularity.
Benjamin Harrison
- Republican candidate in the 1888 election, ultimately winning despite losing popular vote.
Election of 1888
- High tariffs became the focal issue, with Cleveland losing to Harrison despite winning the popular vote.
Thomas B. Reed
- Speaker of the House known for exerting control and manipulating proceedings.
Billion-Dollar Congress
- Name given to Congress due to large expenditures including Civil War veteran pensions and the McKinley Tariff.
The McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
- Increased tariffs, negatively impacting farmers who faced higher costs and competitive markets.
People's Party (Populists)
- Emerged from farmers' frustrations, advocating for monetary reforms, government ownership of key services, and voting rights.
General James B. Weaver
- Nominated by the People’s Party in the 1892 presidential election.
Strikes of 1892
- Marked by significant worker strikes amid economic turmoil.
Thomas Edward Watson
- A prominent Populist leader supporting voting rights for black Americans.
African-American vote
- Crucial for the Populist Party, yet many faced barriers preventing their participation in elections.
Election of 1892
- Grover Cleveland reclaimed the presidency, defeating a fractured opposition.
Panic of 1893
- The most severe economic depression of the 19th century, attributed to a variety of financial failures.
Paper Currency
- Treasury's issuance of notes linked to silver purchases led to depletion of gold reserves.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
- Attempted to boost silver's currency value, but ultimately strained Treasury's gold supply, needing repeal.
J.P. Morgan
- Engaged by Cleveland to loan gold to stabilize the Treasury during economic crises.
The Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894
- Lowered tariffs, introduced income tax provisions, but was ruled unconstitutional, leading to losses for Democrats.
Forgettable Presidents
- Term used to describe Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, and Cleveland; seen as lacking significant impact.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key figures and events of Chapter 23 from AP US History. This quiz covers important topics such as General Grant's presidency, Hortatio Seymour's nomination, and the infamous Black Friday. Perfect for students looking to review and solidify their understanding of this critical period in history.
