Approaches to Analyzing Historical Developments in Different Sciences

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What is the demarcation criterion that distinguishes a scientific theory from a non-scientific theory?

Falsifiability (correct)

Verifiability

Predictability

Consistency

What type of predictions must a scientific theory make to be considered risky?

Predictions that are easy to verify

Predictions that are overly cautious

Predictions made after the events have taken place

Predictions that run a real risk of being incorrect (correct)

Which type of theories fail Karl Popper's test of falsifiability?

Theories that explain phenomena after they have occurred (correct)

Theories that have been widely accepted by the scientific community

Theories that make accurate predictions

Theories that are based on extensive research

What is the highest status given to a scientific theory according to the text?

"Not yet disconfirmed" Signup and view all the answers

What does Thomus Kuhn refer to as a widely accepted viewpoint or shared set of assumptions?

Paradigm Signup and view all the answers

In the context of normal science, what is the primary focus when exploring the implications of a paradigm?

Exploring the implications of the paradigm Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a Scientific Theory?

Organizes empirical observations Signup and view all the answers

What does Empiricism emphasize?

The source of knowledge is based on sensory observation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a Scientific Law?

It is a consistently observed relationship between empirical events Signup and view all the answers

Why is categorizing observations important in science?

To organize observations by similarity or difference Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical position focuses on determining the validity of propositions through logic?

Rationalism Signup and view all the answers

What prevents science from accumulating an array of disconnected empirical facts?

The combination of Rationalism and Empiricism Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to study the history of psychology?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What approach did E.G. Boring, president of the American Psychological Association, stress?

That ideas will not stick if the climate is not ready for them Signup and view all the answers

Why do theories in psychology fade?

Because they become unpopular Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the textbook mentioned in the passage take?

An eclectic approach combining various methods Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why students have stopped citing old works in psychology?

The old works are considered fads or fashions Signup and view all the answers

What does the quote "We never seem to solve our problems, just grow tired of them" by Gordon Allport imply?

Psychologists move on to new problems without solving old ones Signup and view all the answers

According to Popper, what is the nature of scientific problem-solving?

It is highly creative and imaginative. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a view held by Kuhn regarding science?

Scientific observation is neutral and objective. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental disagreement between Popper and Kuhn regarding science?

Popper believed in objective truth, while Kuhn rejected the idea of absolute truth. Signup and view all the answers

What was Paul Feyerabend's view on the rules of science?

He advocated for breaking existing rules for science to progress. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of psychology that supports its status as a science?

It establishes lawful relationships between stimuli and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a view expressed by some regarding attempts to characterize the nature of science?

It is a futile exercise, as there is no single scientific method. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of major research according to the text?

To not produce major novelties, conceptual or phenomenal Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative aspect of major research mentioned in the text?

It hinders researchers from considering alternative explanations Signup and view all the answers

How does a paradigm guide a researcher's activities according to the text?

It determines what constitutes a research problem and how to seek its solution Signup and view all the answers

What are anomalies in the context of scientific paradigms?

Observations that cannot be explained by the existing paradigm Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens when anomalies arise?

An alternative viewpoint is proposed to account for the anomaly Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the state of psychology as a discipline?

Others view psychology as simply a different type of science Signup and view all the answers