Applied Life Science NSY2122 Lecture 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of pathophysiology?

  • The study of how the body adapts to disease.
  • The study of the symptoms of disease.
  • The study of the causes and mechanisms of disease.
  • The study of how diseases affect the functioning of the body. (correct)

    • What is the key message for treating a disease?

  • Focus on alleviating symptoms to improve quality of life.
  • Identify the source of the problem to understand the underlying pathophysiology. (correct)
  • Implement treatments to cure the disease and restore normal anatomy and physiology.
  • All of the above.

    • What is the difference between disease and illness?

  • Disease is a chronic condition, while illness is an acute condition.
  • Disease is a state of abnormal health, while illness is the body's adaptation to disease. (correct)
  • Disease refers to the presence of symptoms, while illness refers to the underlying cause.
  • Disease is a physical condition, while illness is a mental condition.

    • What is the meaning of 'altered cell biology' in the context of disease?

    <p>The changes in cell function due to exposure to harmful substances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of treating a disease?

    <p>Studying the genetic predisposition of the patient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between disease and illness?

    <p>A person can have a disease without experiencing any symptoms of illness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of treating a disease?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the ultimate goal of understanding pathophysiology?

    <p>To create effective treatments for diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes in the cell environment contributes directly to bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Fluid imbalance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the production of excess mucus contribute to bronchoconstriction?

    <p>It clogs the airways, making it difficult to breathe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of smooth muscle constriction in bronchoconstriction?

    <p>It physically reduces the diameter of the airways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are changes in the cell environment relevant to all diseases?

    <p>They can disrupt normal cell function, contributing to disease development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of cell injury as described in the provided content?

    <p>Toxins, Infections, Physical injury, Deficits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cell degeneration?

    <p>It is a lethal process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a loss of function due to cell aging?

    <p>Loss of elasticity in blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an increase in cell size?

    <p>Hypertrophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ‘pathogenesis’ refer to?

    <p>The development and progression of a disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a sign and a symptom of a disease?

    <p>Signs are observed by healthcare professionals, while symptoms are reported by the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a symptom?

    <p>Difficulty breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the pathogenesis of a disease?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite reading topic for NSY2122?

    <p>Genetic engineering techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the learning outcome regarding disease?

    <p>Identify causes of disease and their effects on organ systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can indicate a change in cell environment leading to disease?

    <p>Altered cell structures and functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resource is used for reviewing cells and tissues?

    <p>Nursing Standard A&amp;P Papers available on Canvas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning outcome emphasizes clinical application?

    <p>Apply knowledge of cell changes and disease development to clinical situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the first lecture in NSY2122?

    <p>Pathophysiology and altered cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is NOT covered in the prerequisite reading quizzes?

    <p>Pathophysiological responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NOT represent a potential aspect of disease development?

    <p>Complete absence of environmental factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a blood sodium level of 145 mmol/L?

    <p>Hypernatremia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to females having a higher risk of hyponatremia?

    <p>Higher water retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen as a result of severe vomiting and diarrhea (V&D)?

    <p>Development of hypernatremia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of excessive water intake?

    <p>Hypernatremia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with inappropriate administration of saline?

    <p>Development of hyponatremia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a decrease in total blood volume?

    <p>Hypovolemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT categorized as a non-electrolyte?

    <p>Sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition arises when there is an excess of interstitial fluid?

    <p>Oedema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the threshold for serum potassium to be considered hypokalaemia?

    <p>3.5 mmol/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acid-base imbalance is indicated by an increase in H+ concentration?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte imbalances results from a blood sodium level below 145 mmol/L?

    <p>Hyponatremia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by an overload of fluid in circulation due to treatment or circulatory issues?

    <p>Fluid overload (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause an increase in blood acidity?

    <p>Increased CO2 levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Applied Life Science - NSY2122, Lecture 1

    • Course: Applied Life Science, NSY2122
    • Lecturer: Dr. Katherine Rogers & Dr. Gillian Carter
    • Module Coordinators: Dr Katherine Rogers and Dr Gillian Carter
    • Date: October 2020
    • Topic: Pathophysiology and Altered Cells

    Prerequisite Reading & Review

    • Revision: Review of year 1 material (cells, tissues, organs, fluid and electrolyte balance)
    • Pre-reading Quiz: Attempt the pre-reading quiz on cells and cellular biochemistry
    • Nursing Standard Papers: Complete reading of Nursing Standard papers (available on Canvas). These papers cover Cells and Cell Biochemistry, Genes, Chromosomes and DNA, and Cell, tissues, organs and systems.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Identify causes of disease
    • Discuss disease development
    • Understand cell environment changes causing disease
    • Apply knowledge to clinical situations
    • Additional Resources (Canvas): Supplementary materials on Canvas to aid understanding.

    Introduction to Pathophysiology and Altered Cell Biology

    • Pathophysiology: Changes in normal anatomy/physiology due to illness or disease, affecting body function.
    • Altered Cell Biology: Gradual alterations in cell structure/function from external factors
    • Disease: A condition where homeostasis is disrupted, with evident signs and symptoms.
    • Illness: Departure from normal health, where the body adapts or responds to disease.
    • Key message for treating disease: Finding the source of the problem, understanding the pathophysiology, and planning treatment to cure symptoms or alleviate them to improve quality of life.

    Alterations to Normal Cell Function

    • Cell Challenges: Cells face numerous challenges throughout their lifespan affecting normal function.
    • Cell Adaptation: Cells adapt to threats to maintain functionality.
    • Cell Reserve: Sufficient reserves allow cells to adapt, while insufficient reserve indicates cell death
    • Disease Causes: All diseases cause damage to or injury to cells. This damage causes cells to stop working properly or leads to cell death.

    Causes of Disease

    • Aetiology: Disease causes involving cell injury when cells cannot maintain homeostasis
    • Risk factors: Diseases often have multiple risk factors, many of which are modifiable. This knowledge is important for patient education and promotion of health.
    • Adaptation: Adaptation may occur in cells due to aging, injury, or death. Importantly risk factors are modifiable and learning this reduces chance of disease.

    What Happens to Make Things Go Wrong?

    • Cell Injury: Cells respond to various forms of injury (toxins, infection, physical injury, deficits) in four types: toxins (T), infections (I), physical injury (P), deficit (I.D).
    • Cell Degeneration: Occurs in active cells (e.g., liver, heart, kidneys), and the cytoplasm but not the nucleus.
    • Cell Aging: Body systems experience aging, and structural and functional changes in cells, like decreased elasticity.
    • Pathogenesis: The progression of disease development. Understanding pathogenesis to improve care management.

    Changes to the Cell Environment

    • Fluid Imbalance: Fluid deficit or excess.
    • Electrolyte Imbalance: Disruption of electrolyte balance.
    • Importance of Changes: Understand these changes to diagnose disease.

    Fluid Imbalance

    • Fluid Management: In patient care, it is important to monitor and maintain fluid balance and electrolytes.
    • Dehydration: Loss of more fluid than replacement.
    • Hypovolemia: Lower than normal volume of circulating fluid.
    • Fluid Overload: Excessive fluid intake or circulatory problems leading to fluid accumulation.
    • Oedema: Abnormal fluid accumulation in interstitial compartments.

    Non-electrolytes

    • Examples of non-electrolytes: Glucose, lipids, creatinine, urea, and albumin.

    Electrolyte Imbalance

    • Imbalance mechanisms: Electrolyte concentrations controlled by renal, hormonal, and neural processes
    • Acid-base imbalance: Body maintains a very narrow range of pH. Respiratory and metabolic acid-base imbalances occur that are also controlled by renal and other functions.
    • Sodium (Na+): Hyponatremia (low) and hypernatremia (high)
    • Potassium (K+): Hyperkalemia (high) and hypokalemia (low)
    • Other Electrolytes: Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium are important electrolytes

    Maintaining Stable Cell Environment

    • Monitoring: Essential to monitor the cell environment for changes.
    • Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable and balanced internal environment (physiological equilibrium).
    • Dynamic Adaptations: The body continuously adjusts to external and internal environmental changes.
    • Reporting changes: reporting and adaptive changes to maintain homeostasis

    Review of Today's Lecture

    • Disease & Illness: Understanding adaptive changes and disease mechanisms.
    • Mechanisms of Disease: Understanding pathogenesis, or the development of disease.
    • Changes to the Cell Environment: Include fluid, electrolyte, sodium, and non-electrolyte imbalances.

    Key Take-Home Message

    • Cell Fundamentals: Cells are crucial building blocks of the body.
    • Problem Solving: Pathophysiology requires understanding problems at cellular and tissue levels.

    Additional Learning Activities

    • Workshop Instructions: How to structure and engage in group workshops.
    • Practice: Use provided templates and examples for practice.

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    Related Documents

    NSY2122 Applied Life Science Lecture 1 - Altered Cells - PDF

    Description

    Join Dr. Katherine Rogers and Dr. Gillian Carter as they delve into the pathophysiology and altered cells in this first lecture of Applied Life Science NSY2122. This course will enable students to identify disease causes, discuss disease development, and apply their understanding to clinical situations. Be prepared to review crucial first-year materials related to cells and cellular biochemistry.

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