Applied Behavior Analysis Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following accurately describes Applied Behavior Analysis?

  • A branch of psychology that emphasizes observable behaviors. (correct)
  • A branch of psychology that exclusively studies unconscious behaviors.
  • A method focusing solely on internal cognitive processes.
  • A technique used mostly in educational settings.

Which credentials can be achieved upon completing a Bachelor's degree in Applied Behavior Analysis?

  • School Counselors
  • Registered Behavior Technicians (correct)
  • Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBA) (correct)
  • Clinical Psychologists

What does SAFMEDS stand for?

  • Standardize-All-Fast-Multiple-Effective-Duration-Simple
  • Say-All-Fast-Minute-Every-Day-Shuffle (correct)
  • Study-All-Focus-Memory-Every-Data-Sequence
  • Select-All-Fast-Multiple-Every-Duration-Skip

Which of the following statements about summary labels is correct?

<p>They are considered explanatory fictions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of behavior is typically measured in a subjective manner?

<p>Duration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the course discussed?

<p>Pavlovian conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In behavior analysis, which of the following is considered a measurable behavior?

<p>Reduced cholesterol levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included in the definition of behavior?

<p>Muscular activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A behavior that has been gradually strengthened by the direct-acting effect of reinforcement is said to be:

<p>Contingency shaped (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A description of a three-term contingency is referred to as a(n):

<p>Contingency-shaped behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A rule is less likely to be followed if it identifies:

<p>A small consequence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using physical contact to guide someone through appropriate behavior is called:

<p>Physical guidance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an example of antecedent control?

<p>Positive reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Suzie’s teacher, 'Suzie is a good student because she is highly motivated.' This is an example of ____________ view of motivation.

<p>A traditional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With unconditioned motivating operations (UMOs):

<p>Both the value-altering and behavior altering effects are innate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A request made by a customer for a double Scotch on the rocks is an example of a(n):

<p>Mand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence on the parent's behavior in the scenario described?

<p>Positive reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?

<p>Punishment may create fear and avoidance in the person being punished. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect observed immediately after implementing punishment?

<p>A punishment burst, similar to an extinction burst. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is UNTRUE about punishment?

<p>Punishment teaches the person what they should do instead. (B), Punishment should be applied inconsistently for better results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs when behavior becomes more likely in the presence of one stimulus due to reinforcement in another context?

<p>Generalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a potential outcome of using punishment inconsistently?

<p>Introduction of intermittent reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What closely monitored aspect is particularly emphasized for certified Behavior Analysts regarding punishment?

<p>Reinforcement-based procedures should be tried before punishment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may result from overuse of punishment according to ethical considerations?

<p>Violation of human rights and dignity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is demonstrated by Richard's decreased likelihood to try opening the window after multiple failed attempts?

<p>Extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT a requirement for extinction to occur?

<p>Knowledge of the person's cognitive abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding spontaneous recovery and extinction bursts?

<p>An extinction burst can happen without any prior spontaneous recovery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an extinction scenario, which behavior is expected regardless of the history of reinforcement schedule?

<p>Behavior reduces at the same rate eventually (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term extinction refer to in behavioral psychology?

<p>The process of weakening a behavior by removing reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a potential misconception about extinction?

<p>Extinction is equivalent to punishment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might it be beneficial to explain an extinction program to a person?

<p>It enhances their understanding of the process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an extinction burst?

<p>A temporary increase in response occurrence after reinforcement is removed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition best describes shaping?

<p>Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a sprinter is being reinforced for starting more quickly over time, this is an example of which type of shaping?

<p>Latency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example where a child learns to say 'water' through successive approximations, what aspect is being shaped?

<p>Topography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would not benefit from using shaping?

<p>Decreasing the latency of a behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shaping can be conceived of as which of the following?

<p>A series of steps, with the first step being the first approximation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is behavioral chaining?

<p>Linking a series of different behaviors in a stimulus-response chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method requires the client to attempt every step in the chain on each trial?

<p>Total task chaining (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research indicates total task chaining is the most effective overall for which of the following?

<p>Complex behavior sequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred if Freddy has $2 in his hand and each bottle costs $2?

<p>The AO is present. (A), The SD is present. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes differential reinforcement?

<p>It entails reinforcing appropriate behavior while implementing extinction for inappropriate behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is most effective for reducing a student's bathroom requests to no more than 1 per class period?

<p>Differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) - spaced responding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the limitations of Differential Reinforcement of Other behaviors (DRO)?

<p>It does not teach any new behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a way to effectively weaken or decrease behaviors?

<p>Differential reinforcement of zero rates (DRO) (C), Extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the teacher need to ensure for the DRO method to be successful?

<p>Use a powerful reinforcer for the absence of the problem behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure is suggested for Efriam, who swears to obtain peer attention?

<p>Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the consequences of DRO is true?

<p>DRO can inadvertently reinforce other problem behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?

ABA is a branch of psychology focused on understanding and changing behavior using scientific principles.

What is a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA)?

A BCBA is a professional who is certified to provide behavior analysis services. They have completed a specialized program and passed rigorous exams.

What does SAFMEDS stand for?

SAFMEDS stands for Say-All-Fast-Minute-Every-Day-Shuffle.

What are summary labels?

Summary labels are terms that describe a pattern of behavior, but don't explain the underlying causes. Examples include 'shy', 'lazy', 'creative'.

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What is the most subjective dimension of behavior to measure without specialized equipment?

Magnitude, which refers to the intensity or strength of a behavior, is often the most subjective dimension to measure.

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Is behavior analysis only concerned with overt, visible behavior?

No, behavior analysis considers both overt (observable) and covert (internal) behaviors. While focus is on observable actions, internal events are acknowledged as influencing behavior.

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Is 'having lower cholesterol' an example of overt behavior?

No, 'having lower cholesterol' is a physiological state, not a directly observable behavior. It's the result of actions but not the action itself.

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What is the goal of behavior change interventions based on ABA?

The goal is to improve an individual's quality of life by increasing desirable behaviors and decreasing undesirable behaviors.

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Extinction

The process of decreasing or stopping a learned behavior by withholding reinforcement.

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Extinction Example

Richard's attempt to open his office window, which used to be successful but is now stuck, is an example of extinction.

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Bob's Alarm Clock

Bob stopping setting his alarm after his dog's barking wakes up his family is NOT an example of extinction.

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Extinction Requirements

Extinction requires a history of reinforcement for the target behavior and the ability to withhold the reinforcer.

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Extinction and Understanding

A person's understanding of extinction is NOT necessary for the process to work. The behavior will weaken regardless of their awareness.

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Reinforcement Schedules

Extinction can occur regardless of whether the behavior was previously reinforced on a continuous or intermittent schedule.

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Extinction Burst

A temporary increase in the behavior being extinguished before it eventually decreases is called an extinction burst.

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Spontaneous Recovery

Spontaneous recovery is when the extinguished behavior reappears after a period of time, even without reinforcement.

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Shaping

A procedure used to gradually modify behavior by reinforcing successive approximations to a desired target behavior.

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Successive Approximations

Behaviors that progressively come closer to the target behavior.

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Terminal Behavior

The final desired behavior that is being shaped.

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Latency

The time elapsed between the presentation of a stimulus and the start of a behavior.

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Topography

The form or shape of a behavior.

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Behavioral Chaining

The process of linking together a series of behaviors in a specific sequence.

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Forward Chaining

A chaining method where the individual learns the steps of a task in order, starting from the first step.

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Total Task Chaining

A chaining method where the individual is required to perform all steps of the task in sequence on each trial.

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What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common?

Both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

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What happened to the parent in the restaurant scenario?

The parent's behavior of giving extra dessert was positively reinforced by the child becoming quiet.

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What is a punishment burst?

A punishment burst is a temporary increase in the frequency or intensity of a behavior after punishment is applied.

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What is a potential side effect of punishment?

Punishment can lead to the person being punished becoming fearful of the punisher and avoiding them.

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Why is punishment tightly controlled by behavior analysts?

BCBAs have strict guidelines for using punishment because it can have detrimental effects on the person being punished. They prioritize reinforcement-based procedures.

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What is a potential consequence of using punishment?

Repeated use of punishment can lead to more intrusive and intense punishment, potentially violating human rights.

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What is generalization in behaviorism?

Generalization occurs when a behavior learned in one situation becomes more probable in other, similar situations.

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What does it mean to use punishment effectively?

To be effective, punishment must be applied consistently and with a strong enough magnitude.

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Differential Reinforcement

A procedure where desired behaviors are reinforced, while undesired behaviors are not reinforced (extinction). This encourages the individual to engage more in desired behaviors.

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Extinction Paradigm

A situation where a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer, leading to a decrease in the frequency of that behavior.

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Differential Reinforcement of Other/Zero Responding (DRO)

A procedure where reinforcement is delivered for the absence of a target behavior for a specific period of time.

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Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)

A procedure where reinforcement is delivered only if the target behavior occurs at a lower rate than a predetermined limit. This helps reduce the frequency of the behavior.

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Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

A procedure where reinforcement is provided for a specific alternative behavior, while the target behavior is put on extinction. This helps to replace undesired behaviors with desired ones.

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Limitations of DRO

DRO doesn't teach new behaviors and can lead to an increase in other problem behaviors while reducing the target behavior.

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DRO Effectiveness

DRO needs a powerful reinforcer for the absence of the problem behavior, and a shorter interval can be ineffective in real-world settings.

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DR Procedure Example

A student who swears to get attention is taught to give high-fives instead. High-fives are reinforced, while swearing is put on extinction.

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Contingency Shaped Behavior

Behavior that has been gradually strengthened by the direct-acting effect of reinforcement. In other words, the behavior is learned by experiencing the consequences of it directly.

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Rule-governed behavior

Behavior that is controlled by a rule, which is a verbal description of a contingency. The rule describes the situation, behavior, and consequence.

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Three-Term Contingency

A description of a situation (antecedent), a behavior, and a consequence that are related to each other.

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Antecedent Control

The use of antecedent stimuli to influence behavior. These stimuli precede a behavior, and by changing them, we can change the likelihood of the behavior occurring.

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Physical Guidance

Using physical contact to guide someone through an appropriate behavior. For example, physically guiding someone's hand to complete a task.

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Situational Inducement

A strategy for antecedent control that uses environmental changes to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior. It often involves changing the physical surroundings, cues, or procedures.

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Mand

A verbal behavior that is used to request or demand something. The speaker wants something and uses words to get it.

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Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs)

Stimuli that alter the value of reinforcers and evoke behaviors related to those reinforcers, without any prior learning.

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Study Notes

Quiz 1 - Course Intro

  • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a branch of psychology.
  • Students meeting the academic requirements for BCBA, BCaBA, BIs, BTS, Instructors, or Registered Behavior Technicians, are those completing a Bachelor's degree in Applied Behavior Analysis.
  • SAFMEDS stands for Say-All-Fast-Minute-Every-Day-Shuffle.

Quiz 2 - Overview of ABA

  • Summary labels (e.g., personality, self-esteem) are explanatory fictions, summarizing behavioral patterns without explaining them.
  • Summary labels can be efficient ways to talk about behaviors, but most people quickly understand them.
  • Summary labels can carry negative connotations.
  • Latency is often the most subjectively measured behavior dimension. (unless specialized equipment is available)
  • This course will primarily focus on Pavlovian conditioning of behavior.

Quiz 3 - Behavioural Assessment

  • Most behavioral assessment data is analyzed using statistical software packages like SPSS, MATLAB, R, or SAS.
  • Indirect assessments are cheaper, convenient, and allow you to see the target behavior.
  • Interviewing and modeling the problem behaviors is an example of indirect assessment.

Quiz 4 - Reinforcement

  • Money is a generalized conditioned reinforcer.

Quiz 5 - Operant Extinction

  • Extinction can be applied to any behavior, including newly learned behaviors.
  • Ignoring a behavior is a form of extinction.

Quiz 6 - Shaping and Chaining

  • Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior.
  • Shaping is reinforcing behavior that moves closer to a desired response, gradually improving the behavior.
  • An example of shaping is a child learning to say "water".

Quiz 7 - Schedules of Reinforcement

  • Continuous reinforcement means reinforcing every instance of a target response.
  • Intermittent reinforcement means reinforcing some, but not all, instances of a response.
  • Continuous reinforcement (CR) is functionally the same as FR1.

Quiz 8 - Stimulus Control

  • Stimulus control refers to how environmental stimuli affect the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring.
  • A stimulus control is about rules, cues in the environment, and how one understands what they are supposed to do.

Quiz 9 - Antecedent Control

  • Shaping (changing behavior) and fading (changing antecedent cues) are related.
  • Shaping and fading are both types of antecedent control.

Quiz 10 - Differential Reinforcement

  • Differential reinforcement is reinforcing desirable behaviors while extinguishing undesirable ones.
  • Differential reinforcement helps people increase desired behaviors.

Quiz 11 - Punishment, Escape, and Avoidance

  • Punishment is an event that reduces future occurrences of a behavior.
  • Response cost refers to removing a desirable item or reward after a behavior happens.
  • Escape behavior occurs when an individual removes an aversive stimulus after performing a behavior.
  • Avoidance behavior prevents the aversive stimulus from taking place.

Quiz 12 - Generalization

  • Stimulus generalization: When a behavior occurs in the presence of a new stimulus that is similar to the original one, due to reinforcement.
  • Response generalization: When a behavior occurs in a new way, due to reinforcement.
  • Generalization can be good or bad depending on the context or training goal.

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ABA 100 Quiz Questions PDF

Description

This quiz provides an introduction to the fundamentals of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). It covers key concepts such as academic requirements for certification and the importance of various behavioral assessment techniques. Test your understanding of ABA principles and applications in real-world scenarios.

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