Applied Behavior Analysis Terminology

Questions and Answers

What is a Functional Behavior Assessment?

A method to assess physical abilities

A systematic set of strategies used to determine the function or purpose of behavior (correct)

A type of academic assessment

None of the above

What does NET stand for?

Natural Environment Training

What is a Tact in verbal behavior?

Having the client name something in the environment they are in direct contact with.

What is Positive Punishment?

Adding an adverse stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again. Signup and view all the answers

What is Negative Punishment?

The contingent removal of something desirable by the individual to reduce targeted behavior in the future. Signup and view all the answers

What is Verbal Behavior?

Includes vocal responses and non-vocal responses reinforced by a listener. Signup and view all the answers

What are Verbal Operants?

Mand, Tact, Echoic, Intraverbal Signup and view all the answers

Define a Mand.

A verbal request for help, items, activities, food, or attention. Signup and view all the answers

What is Positive Reinforcement?

When a desired stimulus is provided, which increases the future frequency of that response. Signup and view all the answers

Define Echoic.

Repeating what was heard from others. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Intraverbal?

A differential response to what someone else has said. Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of Feature, Function, Class (FFC).

An apple is red (Feature), an apple is for eating (Function), and it is a fruit (Class). Signup and view all the answers

Define Imitation/Duplic.

Child copies or replicates what you did. Signup and view all the answers

What is Receptive/Listener Response?

The ability to respond to others. Signup and view all the answers

What is Punishment in behavior analysis?

A stimulus change that immediately follows a response and decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. Signup and view all the answers

What is Time Sampling?

Observation period broken into short intervals. Signup and view all the answers

What does Continuous reinforcement mean?

Reinforcement occurs every time a behavior is exhibited. Signup and view all the answers

Define Negative Reinforcement.

When a non-desired stimulus is removed, thereby increasing future frequency of response. Signup and view all the answers

What is Discrete Trial Training (DTT)?

Teacher-directed structured environment where reinforcement is prearranged. Signup and view all the answers

Define Motivating Operations (MO).

An environmental event that alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

What is Satiation?

Overexposure to a reinforcer makes that reinforcer less effective. Signup and view all the answers

What is the 3 & 4 Term contingency?

3 Term: Antecedent (SD) --> Behavior --> Consequence; 4 Term: MO --> SD (antecedent) --> Behavior --> Consequence Signup and view all the answers

What does a Discriminative Stimulus (SD) do?

Signals the availability of a reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

What is Fading in Demands?

Gradually increasing the number of demands placed in between reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

Define Fixed Ratio Schedules (FR).

You reinforce after a specific number of responses. Signup and view all the answers

What are Variable Ratio Schedules (VR)?

You reinforce on the average of a set number of responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is Fixed Interval (FI)?

Reinforcement after a specific amount of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is Variable Interval (VI)?

Reinforcement after an average amount of time passes. Signup and view all the answers

Name the 3 types of time sampling.

Partial Interval Recording, Whole Interval Recording, Momentary Time Recording. Signup and view all the answers

Define Partial Interval Recording.

Behavior occurs at any point within the interval. Signup and view all the answers

What is Whole Interval Recording?

Behavior occurs throughout the whole interval. Signup and view all the answers

What is Momentary Time Sampling?

Observation is only noted at that moment. Signup and view all the answers

Name the 2 types of Functional Behavior Assessments.

Anecdotal (Indirect) and Descriptive (Direct). Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 types of MOs?

Abolishing Operations (AO) & Establishing Operations (EO). Signup and view all the answers

Define Abolishing Operations (AO).

Decrease effectiveness of behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What are Establishing Operations (EO)?

Increase effectiveness of behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

List the Similarities between MOs & SDs.

Both evoke behaviors, both are antecedent, both can be present at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

What type of graph is used in behavior analysis?

Line graph. Signup and view all the answers

Define Reinforcement.

Follows a behavior that increases that behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 Functions of Behavior?

Escape, Attention, Access to Tangibles, Sensory. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Escape' mean in terms of behavior?

'I don't want to.' Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Attention' as a function of behavior.

'Look at me.' Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Tangibles' refer to in behavior analysis?

'I want.' Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Sensory' in the context of behavior.

The individual behaves in a specific way because it feels good to them. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 Principles of Reinforcement?

Deprivation, Immediacy, Size, Contingency. Signup and view all the answers

Define Deprivation in behavior analysis.

A person hasn't had access to a particular reinforcer for a significant period. Signup and view all the answers

What is Immediacy?

The time between occurrence of the behavior and the delivery of the reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

What does Size refer to in reinforcement?

The magnitude of the reinforcer changes the effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

Define Contingency.

When the reinforcer is delivered only for the target behavior, it is more effective. Signup and view all the answers

What is Operant Behavior?

Assessed and modified by manipulating observable stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What are Primary Reinforcers?

Unconditioned; not taught, such as food, water, or air. Signup and view all the answers

Define Secondary Reinforcers.

Conditioned; learned reinforcers through experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is Shaping?

Reinforcing approximations of the target behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is Antecedent?

Environmental condition existing immediately before the behavior of interest. Signup and view all the answers

Define Extinction.

A procedure where reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Extinction Burst?

Increase in frequency of a behavior in early stages of extinction. Signup and view all the answers

Name the 3 types of Differential Reinforcement.

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI), Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA), Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO). Signup and view all the answers

What does Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) aim to do?

Substitute a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Define Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA).

Increase a behavior by reinforcing appropriate behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)?

Eliminate a behavior by focusing on increasing the time of non-occurrences. Signup and view all the answers

List the Types of Preference Assessments.

Reinforcement Assessment, Single Stimulus Preference Assessment, Multiple Stimuli Preference Assessment without replacement, Multiple Stimuli Preference Assessment with replacement, Paired Choice Preference Assessment. Signup and view all the answers

What is Reinforcement Assessment?

A strategy to determine the items, activities, and events a student finds reinforcing. Signup and view all the answers

Define Single Stimulus Preference Assessment.

Providing a single item to a child and recording their response. Signup and view all the answers

What is Multiple Stimuli Preference Assessment without replacement?

Putting multiple items in front of a child and observing their choice. Signup and view all the answers

Define Multiple Stimuli Preference Assessment with replacement.

Child grabs one item while others are replaced. Signup and view all the answers

What is Paired Choice Preference Assessment?

Presenting 2 items and observing the child’s choice. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functional Behavior Assessment

Systematic strategies to identify the function or purpose of behavior.

Natural Environment Training (NET)

A type of ABA focusing on incidental learning in natural settings.
Child-directed with natural reinforcers.

Tact

Naming objects or items present in the environment directly interacted with by the client.

Positive Punishment

Involves adding an adverse stimulus post-behavior to decrease occurrence chances.
Example: Assigning chores or increasing demands after undesired behavior.

Negative Punishment

Involves removing a desired item to reduce targeted behavior.
Example: Taking away a toy or phone.

Verbal Behavior

Comprises both vocal and non-vocal responses, reinforced by listeners.

Verbal Operants

Categories include Mand, Tact, Echoic, and Intraverbal.
Utilizes Feature, Function, Class (FFC) for understanding objects.

Mand

A request directed to gain help or acquire items, activities, or attention.

Positive Reinforcement

Providing a desired stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior.

Echoic

Repeating what has been heard from others.

Intraverbal

Responses based on prior comments or questions; includes answering and commenting.

Feature, Function, Class (FFC)

Framework to describe objects based on their attributes, utility, and classification.

Imitation/Duplic

Child replicates actions observed from others.

Receptive / LR- Listener Response

Ability to respond to verbal stimuli by listening and acting accordingly.

Punishment

A stimulus following behavior that decreases the likelihood of recurrence.

Time Sampling

Observation technique divided into short intervals for behavior tracking.

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcement provided every single time a desired behavior occurs.

Negative Reinforcement

Removal of an undesired stimulus to increase behavior occurrence.

Discrete Trial Training (DTT)

Structured teaching method directed by the teacher, involving organized reinforcement strategies.

Motivating Operations (MO)

Environmental events altering the effectiveness of reinforcers, affecting behavior frequency.

Satiation

Overexposure to a reinforcer reduces its effectiveness and decreases behavior frequency.

3 & 4 Term Contingency

3 Term: Antecedent (SD) → Behavior → Consequence.
4 Term: MO → SD → Behavior → Consequence.

Discriminative Stimuli (SD)

Signals the availability of reinforcement based on the occurrence of a response.

Fading in Demands

Gradual increase in demands placed before reinforcement is delivered.

Fixed Ratio Schedules (FR)

Reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses.

Variable Ratio Schedules (VR)

Reinforcement varies, averaging after a set number of responses.

Fixed Interval (FI)

Reinforcement is provided after a specific amount of time.

Variable Interval (VI)

Reinforcement is given after varying lengths of time.

Types of Time Sampling

Partial Interval Recording, Whole Interval Recording, Momentary Time Sampling.

Partial Interval Recording

Behavior recorded if it occurs at any point within an interval.

Whole Interval Recording

Behavior recorded only if it occurs throughout the whole interval.

Momentary Time Sampling

Behavior noted only at a specific moment.

Functional Behavior Assessments

Anecdotal (indirect gathering information) and Descriptive (observational, direct assessments).

Types of Motivating Operations (MO)

Abolishing Operations (AO) decrease effectiveness.
Establishing Operations (EO) increase effectiveness.

Similarities between MO's & SD's

Both evoke behavior, act as antecedents, and can coexist.

Graphing Behavior Data

Line graphs used: Y-axis for quantitative measurement, X-axis for time.

Reinforcement

Follows desirable behavior, increasing the likelihood of its repetition.

Functions of Behavior

Categorized as Escape, Attention, Tangibles, and Sensory, remembered by EATS.

Escape

Behavior aimed at avoiding demands or tasks.

Attention

Behavior to elicit focus or acknowledgment from others.

Tangibles

Requests for items or activities that have been removed.

Sensory

Engagement in behavior that provides pleasurable experiences.

Principles of Reinforcement

Include Deprivation, Immediacy, Size, and Contingency.

Deprivation

Lack of access to a reinforcer for some time increases its value.

Immediacy

Time interval between behavior and reinforcement delivery influences effectiveness.

Size

Magnitude of reinforcer affects its reinforcing power.

Contingency

Reinforcers effective when delivered exclusively for desired behavior.

Operant Behavior

Behavior modified by manipulating observable stimuli and contextual events.

Primary Reinforcers

Unconditioned, such as food and water, not taught.

Secondary Reinforcers

Conditioned and learned through experiences, such as social recognition or money.

Shaping

Gradual reinforcement of approximations towards a desired behavior.

Antecedent

Conditions existing before the target behavior occurs.

Extinction

Discontinuation of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior, leading to its decrease.

Extinction Burst

Initial increase in frequency of behavior before it diminishes.

Differential Reinforcement Types

Includes Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI), Alternative Behavior (DRA), and Other Behavior (DRO).

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

Reduces undesired behavior by reinforcing incompatible alternatives.

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

Encourages desired behavior by rewarding appropriate alternatives.

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Reduces undesired behavior by reinforcing intervals of non-occurrence.

Types of Preference Assessments

Include Reinforcement Assessment, Single Stimulus, Multiple Stimuli (with and without replacement), and Paired Choice Assessments.

Reinforcement Assessment

Identifying what items or activities are reinforcing for students.

Single Stimulus Preference Assessment

Offering one item at a time and measuring engagement duration.

Multiple Stimuli Preference Assessments

Arranging several items to see preferences based on choices made, with and without replacing items.

Paired Choice Preference Assessment

Presenting two items and observing which one is chosen.

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Description

This quiz covers key terminology in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), including essential concepts like functional behavior assessment, Natural Environment Training (NET), and tact. Test your knowledge on these foundational terms used in behavioral therapy and education.