applied anatomy \ lumbar
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the body does the lumbar spine support?

  • Lower body
  • Arms
  • Upper body (correct)
  • Head

    • How many facet joints are there in the lumbar spine?

  • 5
  • 10 (correct)
  • 15
  • 20

    • What percentage of the axial load do the facet joints carry with a normal intact disc?

  • 40-45%
  • 20-25% (correct)
  • 30-35%
  • 10-15%

    • What is the term for degeneration of the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Spondylosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a defect in the pars interarticularis or the arch of the vertebra?

    <p>Spondylolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a forward displacement of one vertebra over another?

    <p>Spondylolisthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a backward displacement of one vertebra on another?

    <p>Retrolisthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the cartilaginous end plate?

    <p>Allows fluid to move between the disc and the vertebral body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?

    <p>To act as an incompressible fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Schmorl's nodules?

    <p>Defects in the cartilaginous end plate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure around the intervertebral disc is pain-sensitive?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a disc prolapse?

    <p>Bulging of the disc without rupture of the annulus fibrosus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can pressure on the spinal cord itself lead to?

    <p>Myelopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the severity of the neurological deficit in disc injuries?

    <p>Amount of pressure on the neurological tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>They control the direction of movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Extension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capsular pattern of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Side flexion and rotation equally limited, followed by extension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is unique to the lumbar spine and pelvis?

    <p>Iliolumbar ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?

    <p>To allow for significant movement between the vertebrae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer portion of the annulus fibrosus made up of?

    <p>Sharpey's fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the water content of the intervertebral discs with age?

    <p>It decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spine is the most common site of problems in the vertebral column?

    <p>Lumbar spine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve root is more likely to be compressed by the L4 disc?

    <p>L5 nerve root (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint between the mobile segment L5 and the stable segment S1?

    <p>L5-S1 joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intervertebral disc unit in the lumbar spine?

    <p>To bear weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the amount of stress on the L5-S1 segment?

    <p>Greater angle between L5 and S1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the close packed position of the lumbar spine?

    <p>Full extension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capsular pattern of the lumbar spine?

    <p>Side flexion and rotation equally limited (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the activity that causes the highest percentage increase in disc pressure at L3?

    <p>Lifting a 20-kg weight with the back straight and knees bent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a favorable prognostic factor for nonoperative care of lumbar disc herniation?

    <p>Progressive return from neurological deficit within the first 12 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joints control the direction of movement in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Facet joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting position of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Midway between flexion and extension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the iliolumbar ligament?

    <p>To stabilize L5 with the ilium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?

    <p>To act as a shock absorber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the annulus fibrosus?

    <p>Collagenous fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the water content of the intervertebral discs with age?

    <p>Decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fusion of the fifth lumbar segment to the sacrum or ilium?

    <p>Sacralization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint in the lumbar spine carries about 20% to 25% of the axial load with a normal intact disc?

    <p>Superior facets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a defect in the pars interarticularis or the arch of the vertebra?

    <p>Spondylolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Provide torsional and shear strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may lead to a forward displacement of one vertebra over another?

    <p>Spondylolisthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a backward displacement of one vertebra on another?

    <p>Retrolisthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for degeneration of the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Spondylosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the body does the lumbar spine support?

    <p>Pelvis and lower limbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures allows fluid to move between the intervertebral disc and the vertebral body?

    <p>Cartilaginous end plates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cartilaginous end plate?

    <p>To restrict the movement of large molecules into the disc (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of nutrition for the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Cartilaginous end plates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the vascularity of the intervertebral discs decrease?

    <p>8 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals have Schmorl's nodules?

    <p>20% to 30% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a disc extrusion?

    <p>The annulus fibrosus is perforated and discal material moves into the epidural space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pain-sensitive structures around the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Anterior longitudinal ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the nerve roots in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Each root is named for the vertebra above it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the vertebral column is the most common site of problems?

    <p>Lumbar spine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the stress on the L5-S1 segment of the vertebral column?

    <p>Increased weight-bearing at this level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs in the lumbar spine?

    <p>To allow for movement between the vertebrae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity causes the highest percentage increase in disc pressure at L3?

    <p>Lifting a 20-kg weight with the back straight and knees bent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a favorable prognostic factor for nonoperative care of lumbar disc herniation?

    <p>Limited psychosocial issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a defect in the pars interarticularis or the arch of the vertebra?

    <p>Spondylolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cartilaginous end plate in the intervertebral disc unit?

    <p>To provide nutrition to the disc (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a backward displacement of one vertebra on another?

    <p>Spondylolisthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the intervertebral disc unit allows fluid to move between the disc and the vertebral body?

    <p>Cartilaginous end plate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the herniation of the nucleus pulposus into the vertebral body?

    <p>Schmorl's nodules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the intervertebral disc unit is primarily avascular?

    <p>Annulus fibrosus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure restricts the movement of large molecules into the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Cartilaginous end plate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disc injury in which the annulus fibrosus is perforated and discal material moves into the epidural space?

    <p>Disc extrusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the intervertebral disc unit decreases with age and is replaced with collagen?

    <p>Mucopolysaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disc injury in which the disc bulges posteriorly without rupture of the annulus fibrosus?

    <p>Disc prolapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure should be included in any examination of the spine as a whole or in any examination of the hip or sacroiliac joints?

    <p>Lumbar spine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may lead to degeneration of the intervertebral disc in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Injury, degeneration, or trauma to the motion segment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a forward displacement of one vertebra over another?

    <p>Spondylolisthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Provide torsional and shear strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the annulus fibrosus?

    <p>Fibrocartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament is unique to the lumbar spine and pelvis?

    <p>Ligamentum flavum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint between the mobile segment L5 and the stable segment S1?

    <p>Sacroiliac joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints control the movement that occurs in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Facet joints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting position of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Midway between flexion and extension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament connects the transverse process of L5 to the posterior ilium in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Iliolumbar ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intervertebral discs in the lumbar spine?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Outer zone made up of fibrocartilage, intermediate zone made up of fibrocartilage, inner zone made up of fibrocartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the water content of the intervertebral discs with age?

    <p>Decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the degeneration of the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Spondylosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the vertebral column is the most common site of problems?

    <p>Lumbar spine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle between L5 and S1 compared to the angles between other vertebrae?

    <p>Greater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint between the mobile segment L5 and the stable segment S1?

    <p>Sacroiliac joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve root is more likely to be compressed by the L4 disc?

    <p>L5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting position of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Midway between flexion and extension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?

    <p>To bear weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the severity of the neurological deficit in disc injuries?

    <p>The size of the disc herniation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a defect in the pars interarticularis or the arch of the vertebra?

    <p>Spondylolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of nutrition for the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Cartilaginous end plate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the intervertebral disc unit allows fluid to move between the disc and the vertebral body?

    <p>Cartilaginous end plate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for herniations of the nucleus pulposus into the vertebral body?

    <p>Schmorl's nodules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of pressure on the cauda equina?

    <p>Bowel/bladder dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a defect in the pars interarticularis or the arch of the vertebra?

    <p>Spondylolisthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?

    <p>To allow movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure around the intervertebral disc is primarily avascular?

    <p>Annulus fibrosus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protrusion of the disc without rupture of the annulus fibrosus?

    <p>Disc prolapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>To allow movement between the bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal occurrence where the first sacral segment is included in discussions of the lumbar spine?

    <p>Lumbarization of S1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the transverse process of L5 to the posterior ilium in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Iliolumbar ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the gradual replacement of the hydrophilic mucoid tissue in the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc with fibrocartilage?

    <p>Nucleus pulposus degeneration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of water in the intervertebral disc at birth?

    <p>90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of nutrition for the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Diffusion from surrounding blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the vertebral column is the most common site of problems due to bearing more weight than any other vertebral level?

    <p>L5-S1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the degeneration of the intervertebral disc in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Discogenic low back pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc unit?

    <p>Consolidated fibrous tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disc injury in which the annulus fibrosus is perforated and discal material moves into the epidural space?

    <p>Intervertebral disc herniation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting position of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Midway between flexion and extension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament connects the transverse process of L5 to the posterior ilium in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Iliolumbar ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint between the mobile segment L5 and the stable segment S1?

    <p>Sacroiliac joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a forward displacement of one vertebra over another?

    <p>Spondylolisthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament is unique to the lumbar spine and pelvis?

    <p>Iliolumbar ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a possible result of injury, degeneration, or trauma to the motion segment in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Retrolisthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many facet joints are there in the lumbar spine?

    <p>10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the axial load do the facet joints carry with a normal intact disc?

    <p>20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the axial load can the facet joints carry with degeneration of the disc?

    <p>70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the torsional and shear strength do the facet joints provide?

    <p>40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What direction do the superior facets, or articular processes, face in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Medially and backward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What direction do the inferior facets face in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Laterally and forward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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