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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the muscles between the pectoral region, vertebrae, scapulae, and the upper limb?
What is the primary function of the muscles between the pectoral region, vertebrae, scapulae, and the upper limb?
- To provide stabilization to the scapulae
- To regulate blood pressure
- To aid in respiratory function
- To facilitate movement of the upper limb (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a component of the breast composition?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the breast composition?
- Fatty tissue
- Glandular tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscular tissue (correct)
What is the primary function of the axillary lymph nodes groups?
What is the primary function of the axillary lymph nodes groups?
- To store and release hormones
- To filter and trap cancer cells
- To facilitate the immune response (correct)
- To regulate blood flow to the upper limb
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the pectoral region?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the pectoral region?
What is the primary pathway for lymphatic drainage from the breast?
What is the primary pathway for lymphatic drainage from the breast?
Which muscle is not connected to the scapula?
Which muscle is not connected to the scapula?
Which muscle is attached to the greater tuberosity of the humerus?
Which muscle is attached to the greater tuberosity of the humerus?
Which muscle connects the upper limb to the scapula and is not part of the rotator cuff?
Which muscle connects the upper limb to the scapula and is not part of the rotator cuff?
Which muscle is part of the rotator cuff?
Which muscle is part of the rotator cuff?
Which muscle connects the upper limb to the pelvis?
Which muscle connects the upper limb to the pelvis?
What is the origin of the abdominal head of the muscle?
What is the origin of the abdominal head of the muscle?
Which muscle connects the upper limb to the vertebral column and inserts into the medial border of the scapula?
Which muscle connects the upper limb to the vertebral column and inserts into the medial border of the scapula?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the sternocostal head of the muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the sternocostal head of the muscle?
Which of the following muscles does not connect the upper limb to the vertebral column?
Which of the following muscles does not connect the upper limb to the vertebral column?
What is the insertion point of the muscle?
What is the insertion point of the muscle?
Which muscle has a dual function of connecting the upper limb to the vertebral column and extending the shoulder joint?
Which muscle has a dual function of connecting the upper limb to the vertebral column and extending the shoulder joint?
Which of the following muscles does NOT have a head that originates from the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle?
Which of the following muscles does NOT have a head that originates from the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle?
How many costal cartilages are associated with the sternocostal head of the muscle?
How many costal cartilages are associated with the sternocostal head of the muscle?
Which of the following muscles is not a deep back muscle that connects the upper limb to the vertebral column?
Which of the following muscles is not a deep back muscle that connects the upper limb to the vertebral column?
Which muscle connects the upper limb to the vertebral column and is responsible for downward rotation of the scapula?
Which muscle connects the upper limb to the vertebral column and is responsible for downward rotation of the scapula?
Which of the following is the primary route of breast cancer metastasis?
Which of the following is the primary route of breast cancer metastasis?
What is the characteristic appearance of the skin in Peau D'orange?
What is the characteristic appearance of the skin in Peau D'orange?
What is the most likely cause of a cyst (galactocoele) in the breast?
What is the most likely cause of a cyst (galactocoele) in the breast?
What is the advantage of making radial incisions in breast cancer surgery?
What is the advantage of making radial incisions in breast cancer surgery?
What is the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of Peau D'orange?
What is the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of Peau D'orange?
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Study Notes
Breast Cancer
- Most common form of cancer in women
- Spreads via lymphatics, vascular channels, and fibrous tissue
- Incisions are radial as ducts maintain a radial course
Cyst (Galactocele)
- May develop with blockade of a lactiferous duct
Peau D'Orange
- Pits of hair follicles appear to be retracted beneath the level of surrounding skin
- Blockage of lymphatic drainage of skin, leading to stagnation of lymph and oedema of skin
Pectoral Region and Breast
- Bones of the pectoral region: include sternum, scapulae, and upper limb
- Muscles between pectoral region, vertebrae, scapulae, and upper limb:
- Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor
- Breast position, composition, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage with axillary lymph nodes groups
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Vertebral Column
- Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Levator scapulae
- All of the above muscles insert into the medial border of the scapula except Latissimus dorsi
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Scapula
- Deltoid, Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, Teres major, Teres minor, Subscapularis
- All of the above muscles attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus except Teres major
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