Breast Health and Anatomy Quiz

Cryptorchidism

• Undescended testicle, increases cancer risk
• Factors include age 20-34, family history, HIV, and ethnicity.

Testicular Cancer Risk Factors

• Age 20-34
• Family history
• HIV
• Ethnicity (Caucasian)

Klinefelter Syndrome

• Chromosomal disorder in males
• Extra X chromosome (XXY instead of XY)
• Linked to testicular cancer

Testicular Carcinoma in Situ

• Abnormal cells, not yet cancerous
• Size approximately 2 cm to 4 cm

Normal Testes Size

• Approximately 2 cm to 4 cm

Testes Shape

• Typically ovoid (oval)

Palpation Technique

• Use index, middle fingers, and thumb
• Smooth, firm, slightly tender to touch

Normal Testes Texture

• Smooth, firm, slightly tender

Epididymis

• Palpated at superior, posterior aspect of testicle
• Feels rope-like, vertical during palpation

Spermatic Cord

• Possible indicator of testicular cancer

Painless Enlargement

• Possible indicator of testicular cancer
• Small, hard lump, usually pea-sized

Palpable Lump

• Self-assessment for testicular abnormalities

Testicular Self Exam (TSE)

• Self-assessment for testicular abnormalities
• Penile/scrotal atrophy and decreased tissue mass

Normal Aging Findings

• Penile/scrotal atrophy and decreased tissue mass
• Should hang freely, darker than surrounding skin
• Loose, thin, rugated, free of lesions

Inspection of Scrotum

• Ensure freedom from lesions on skin

Skin Characteristics

• Ensure freedom from lesions on skin

Patient Privacy

• Ensure patient privacy during physical examination

Warm Room Requirement

• Room should be warm for patient comfort

Advanced Practitioner Role

• Conducts palpation and examination of testes
• Critical for early detection of abnormalities

Decreased Blood Circulation

• Common in older adults with genital abnormalities
• Decreased amount of pubic hair and graying

Pubic Hair Changes

• Decreases in amount and turns gray with age

Breast Assessment Importance

• Critical for early detection of abnormalities

Breast Assessment Techniques

• Includes inspection and palpation methods

Older Adult Changes

• Glandular atrophy replaced by adipose tissue

Nursing History

• Includes reasons for seeking care, medical history, family history, diet, obesity, age factors

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

• Family history, diet, obesity, and age factors

Inspection Components

• Size, symmetry, contour, color of breasts
• Breasts may be slightly unequal in size

Normal Breast Symmetry

• Breasts may be slightly unequal in size

Abnormal Breast Findings

• Edema, discoloration, orange peel appearance, size, shape, symmetry, color variations

Areola Inspection

• Should be round, everted, and equal in size

Nipple Characteristics

• Should be round, everted, and equal in size

Palpation Technique

• Use pads of three middle fingers gently, upper outer quadrant of the breast

Tail of Spence

• Upper outer quadrant of the breast

Palpatory Methods

• Vertical strip, circular, and wedged methods
• All lymph nodes should be non-palpable

Normal Lymph Nodes

• All lymph nodes should be non-palpable

Clinical Breast Exam

• Performed by health care provider
• Recommended monthly, post-menstruation for women

Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

• Performed monthly, post-menstruation for women

Breast Cancer in Men

• Relatively rare but familial risk exists.
• Include location, size, shape, and tenderness

Documentation of Findings

• Include location, size, shape, and tenderness

Menstrual Cycle Timing

• Perform BSE 2-3 days after period ends

Post-Menopausal BSE Timing

• Perform on the same day monthly

Breast Changes with Aging

• Breasts become softer, elongated, and pendulous

Nipple Changes in Aging

• May become smaller, flatter, or inverted

Breast Exam Recommendations

• Updated guidelines in 2017 by the American Cancer Society

Vasodilation

• Widening of blood vessels; increases blood flow

Vasoconstriction

• Narrowing of blood vessels, reduces blood flow

Heat Therapy

• Application of heat to promote healing; stiffness, aches, pains.

Cold Therapy

• Application of cold to reduce inflammation, for injuries, limit swelling and bleeding

Physiologic Effects of Heat

• Vasodilation, muscle relaxation, increased muscle contractility, increased blood flow, increased capillary permeability, increased cellular metabolism, reduced joint stiffness.

Physiologic Effects of Cold

• Vasoconstriction, muscle relaxation, decreased muscle contractility, decreased blood flow, decreased capillary permeability, slowed cellular metabolism, decreased inflammation, local anesthetic effect.

Local Effect of Heat

• Increases blood flow, promotes tissue healing, usually for musculoskeletal problems; arthritis, contractures, low back pain.

Systemic Effect of Heat

• May cause a drop in blood pressure and dizziness.

Local Effect of Cold

• Reduces blood flow to the area (vasoconstriction), prevents swelling, used for sports injuries (sprains, strains, fractures), reduces swelling and bleeding

Systemic Effect of Cold

• Increases blood pressure, may cause shivering

Aquathermia Pad (K-Pad)

• Electric pad used for dry heat therapy

Warm Compress

• Warmed towel or gauze for localized heat

Warm Soak

• Immersion in warmed solution for treatment

Moist Heat

• Heat applied with moisture (like a sitz bath)

Sitz Bath

• Warm water immersion used in perineal conditions

Cold Progression Stages

• Cold, stinging, burning, numbness

Rebound Phenomenon

• Body's response to abrupt temperature change in heat or cold therapy (e.g., vessels constrict in heat, then dilate in cold).

Moist Cold

• Cooling methods using water or compresses
• Applications use ice or ice packs.

Dry Cold

• Devices for controlled heating, like hyperthermia blanket

Hyperthermia Blanket

• For controlled heating of the body, containing coils filled with a special cooling solution, to reduce high body temperature.

Hypothermia Blanket

• Special blanket containing cooling solution coils to reduce body temperature.

Nursing Considerations

• Assess risks and explain procedures to patients
• Identify and apply appropriate contraindications

Active Bleeding

• Contraindication for heat or cold therapy

Circulatory Impairment

• Condition that increases risk during therapy

Hyperthermia

• Abnormally high body temperature

Safety Considerations in Heat Therapy

• Skin rash, burns, decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, increased swelling and inflammation at the site of application; remove heat source and monitor patient for complications.
• Assess temperature.

Safety Considerations in Cold Therapy

• Skin rash, burns, decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate; remove cold source and monitor patient for complications.
• Assess temperature.

Hypothermia

• Abnormally low body temperature; skin rash, burns, decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate.

Test your knowledge on breast health, self-examination timing, and changes in breast anatomy. This quiz also covers breast cancer awareness in men and the effects of vasodilation and heat therapy. Enhance your understanding of important health topics.