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Questions and Answers
What are the two paired bones that make up the pectoral girdle?
What are the two paired bones that make up the pectoral girdle?
Which structure articulates with the acromion of the scapula?
Which structure articulates with the acromion of the scapula?
What is the primary reason for the shoulder girdle's high mobility?
What is the primary reason for the shoulder girdle's high mobility?
Where is the conoid tubercle located on the clavicle?
Where is the conoid tubercle located on the clavicle?
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Which part of the humerus articulates with the ulna?
Which part of the humerus articulates with the ulna?
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What allows nerves and blood vessels to pass in the scapula?
What allows nerves and blood vessels to pass in the scapula?
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In the anatomical position, where is the radius located in relation to the ulna?
In the anatomical position, where is the radius located in relation to the ulna?
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Which part of the humerus is referred to as the 'funny bone'?
Which part of the humerus is referred to as the 'funny bone'?
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What is the anatomical location of the radial tuberosity?
What is the anatomical location of the radial tuberosity?
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Which structure separates the coronoid process and olecranon process of the ulna?
Which structure separates the coronoid process and olecranon process of the ulna?
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Among the carpal bones, which one is located closest to the pinky side?
Among the carpal bones, which one is located closest to the pinky side?
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How are the metacarpal bones numbered in the human hand?
How are the metacarpal bones numbered in the human hand?
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What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
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What three bones comprise each coxal bone?
What three bones comprise each coxal bone?
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Which part of the pelvis is considered the most anterior?
Which part of the pelvis is considered the most anterior?
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What is the anatomical significance of the ischial tuberosity?
What is the anatomical significance of the ischial tuberosity?
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What feature of the female pelvis is associated with childbearing?
What feature of the female pelvis is associated with childbearing?
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Which part of the femur is considered the weakest and most prone to fracture?
Which part of the femur is considered the weakest and most prone to fracture?
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Which of the following statements about the pubic crest is true?
Which of the following statements about the pubic crest is true?
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Which of the following describes the true pelvis?
Which of the following describes the true pelvis?
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What is the main function of the patella in the knee joint?
What is the main function of the patella in the knee joint?
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What does the term 'Fovea capitis' refer to in the femur?
What does the term 'Fovea capitis' refer to in the femur?
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Which body features are the lateral and medial malleoli associated with?
Which body features are the lateral and medial malleoli associated with?
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What is the primary role of the iliac bones?
What is the primary role of the iliac bones?
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Study Notes
Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of 126 bones that make up the appendages and the pelvic and pectoral girdles.
Pectoral Girdle
- Composed of the clavicle and scapula.
- Clavicle has two ends: acromial (lateral) and sternal (medial).
- The conoid tubercle, found on the posterior side of the acromial end of the clavicle, points downward and posteriorly when properly oriented.
- The clavicle acts as a strut.
- The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, has two large processes: the acromion (enlarged process on the posterior surface) and the coracoid process (smaller, beak-like process found anteriorly).
- The clavicle articulates with the acromion.
- The suprascapular notch is located at the base of the coracoid process and allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through.
- The glenoid cavity is a shallow socket found laterally on the scapula and holds the humerus.
- The shoulder girdle is light and allows for great mobility due to:
- The sternoclavicular joint being the only attachment to the axial skeleton.
- Loose attachments of the scapula allowing for sliding against the thorax due to muscular activity.
- The shallow glenoid cavity providing little stability for the shoulder joint. This flexibility makes the shoulder prone to dislocation.
The Arm
- Composed of three bones: humerus (upper arm), ulna, and radius (forearm).
Humerus
- A long bone with a rounded head (epiphysis).
- The greater tubercle is found laterally on the head, and the lesser tubercle is found anteriorly.
- The deltoid tuberosity, a site of attachment for the deltoid muscle, is found laterally on the midshaft.
- The distal end of the humerus contains two condyles: the medial trochlea (spool-shaped) articulates with the ulna, and the lateral capitulum articulates with the radius.
- The condyles are flanked by the medial and lateral epicondyles. The medial epicondyle has a groove beneath it for the ulnar nerve, often referred to as the "funny bone".
- The coronoid fossa (anterior and medial), radial fossa (anterior and lateral), and olecranon fossa (posterior) allow for movement of the ulna and radius processes during flexion and extension of the elbow.
The Antebrachium (Forearm)
- In anatomical position, the radius is lateral, and the ulna is medial.
- The radius has an anterior radial tuberosity for biceps tendon attachment and a lateral styloid process on the distal head.
- The ulna has a coronoid process anteriorly and laterally, an olecranon process posteriorly and medially, and a trochlear notch separating these processes. All of these features articulate with the humerus.
- The radial notch articulates with the head of the radius.
- The ulnar styloid process serves as an attachment point for the wrist ligament.
The Hand (Manus)
- Consists of three bone groups: carpal bones (wrist), metacarpals (palm), and phalanges (fingers).
Carpal Bones
- Eight carpal bones arranged in two irregular rows of four bones each.
- The distal row (closest to the palm and on the pinky side or medial side) contains:
- Hamate
- Capitate
- Trapezoid
- Trapezium
- The proximal row (articulating with the ulna and radius) contains:
- Pisiform (on top of the Triquetrum/Triquetral)
- Triquetrum/Triquetral
- Lunate
- Scaphoid
- The carpal bones are bound together by ligaments.
Metacarpals
- Numbered 1-5 from thumb (1) to pinky (5).
- Heads articulate with the phalanges to form knuckles when the hand is clenched into a fist.
Phalanges
- Numbered 1-5, corresponding to the metacarpals.
- The thumb (pollux) has only distal and proximal phalanges.
- All other fingers have distal, middle, and proximal phalanges.
Pelvic Girdle
- Consists of two coxal bones (ossa coxae), the sacrum, and the coccyx (usually considered part of the axial skeleton).
- Heavy and massive, securely attached to the axial skeleton.
- Primary function is weight bearing.
- Provides deep sockets for the femurs.
- Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis.
The Ilium
- Largest of the pelvic bones, connected to the sacrum.
- Makes up the superior/posterior portion of the pelvis.
- The ala are two broad planes found medially.
- The iliac crests are the superior margins of the iliac bone (felt when you put your hands on your hips).
- The lesser and greater sciatic notches allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through.
The Ischium
- Makes up the inferior/posterior portion of the coxal bone.
- The ischial tuberosity supports the body's weight when seated.
The Pubic Bone
- Most anterior part of the pelvis.
- The pubic ramus and ischial ramus form the bones surrounding the obturator foramen, which allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.
- The pubic crest is found where the two pubic bones meet, forming the anterior/superior part of the pelvis.
- The pubic arch is found underneath the pubic crest.
- The pubic crest connects both pubic bone parts at the pubic symphysis (a fibrocartilage pad).
- The ilium, ischium, and pubic bones fuse into a deep socket called the acetabulum, which receives the femur.
Comparison of the Male and Female Pelvis:
- Female pelvis is wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder due to childbearing adaptations.
- The false pelvis (superior to the arcuate line) supports the abdominal viscera.
- The true pelvis (inferior to the arcuate line) is the region of the pelvis that contains the pelvic organs.
- The pelvic inlet (pelvic brim) is the opening from the sacral promontory to the arcuate lines. It is oval/wide in females and heart-shaped in males.
- The pelvic outlet is the inferior margin of the true pelvis.
- The female coccyx is more posteriorly projected than the male coccyx.
- The pubic arch angle is wider in females.
Thigh
- The femur (thigh bone) is the heaviest and strongest bone in the body.
- Its ball-like head articulates with the acetabulum.
- The fovea capitis, a small pit in the head, allows the entrance of a ligament.
- The neck is the weakest point of the femur and is often fractured in leg injuries.
- The greater and lesser trochanters are found between the neck and shaft, with the intertrochanteric crest running between them.
- The gluteal tuberosity is posterior, and the linea aspera runs below it, both serving as attachments for muscles.
- The medial and lateral condyles articulate with the tibia.
- The medial adductor tubercle is a bony bump where the adductor magnus muscle attaches.
- The patella is a triangular sesamoid bone located within the quadriceps tendon. It protects the knee joint.
Lower Leg
- Contains the fibula and the tibia (shin bone).
- The tibia is larger and medial, with medial and lateral condyles that receive the distal ends of the femur.
- The tibial tuberosity is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament.
- The medial malleolus, located distally, makes up the medial part of the ankle.
- The anterior crest/border is just beneath the skin and inferior to the tuberosity.
The Fibula
- A slender stick-like bone with a sharp anterior crest ending in a lateral malleolus, forming the outer ankle bulge.
The Foot
- Three bone groups: tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges (toes).
Tarsals
- Seven tarsal bones located in the ankle.
- They are named: calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform.
Metatarsals
- Five long bones in the foot.
- Numbered 1-5, starting from the big toe (1).
- Articulate with the phalanges to form the toes.
Phalanges
- 14 phalanges in the foot.
- Each toe, except for the big toe (hallux), has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal.
- The big toe only has proximal and distal phalanges.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the appendicular skeleton, including the pectoral girdle and its components. This quiz will cover the structure, articulation, and mobility of the bones involved, emphasizing the clavicle and scapula. Perfect for students studying anatomy.
