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Questions and Answers
Which tarsal bone is known as the largest and strongest?
The metatarsals in the foot are numbered from 5-1 starting medially to laterally.
False
What is the term used to describe the big toe?
hallux
The ________ membrane joins the diaphyses of bones.
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Match the following bones or structures with their descriptions:
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What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?
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The clavicle is the posterior bone of the pectoral girdle.
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What joint forms the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?
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The __________ cavity is a depression on the scapula that accommodates the humeral head.
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What bone comprises the proximal upper limb?
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The radius is longer than the ulna in the forearm.
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How many bones comprise the upper limbs?
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Match the bones of the forearm with their descriptions:
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What is the only bone that is commonly fractured in wrist injuries?
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The iliac crest is the medial border of the coxal bones.
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What is the anatomical term for the bones of the thumb?
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The __________ is formed by the distance between the pelvic brim and the pelvic outlet.
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Match the following bones with their locations:
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Which of the following functions is not performed by the pelvic girdle?
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The fibula is the primary weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
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What is the term for the anterior joining of the two coxal bones?
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The depression that accommodates the femoral head is called the __________.
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Match the parts of the lower limb bones with their descriptions:
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Which of the following joints connects the tibia and fibula proximally?
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The true pelvis is located superior to the pelvic brim.
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How many bones are there in the lower limb?
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The __________ is the angle formed by the inferior joining of the coxal bones.
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Study Notes
Appendicular Skeleton
- Anchors limbs to the axial skeleton
- Attaches to skeletal muscle
Pectoral Girdle
- Two lateral sides
- Each side: 1 clavicle + 1 scapula
- Clavicle: collarbone (anterior)
- Scapula: shoulder blade (posterior)
- Function: Provides structural support to the shoulder region on the left and right sides of the body
Clavicle
- S-shaped bone
- Makes up the anterior portion of the pectoral girdle
- Joins sternum at the sternoclavicular joint
- Only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton
Scapula
- Triangular flat bone
- Forms posterior portion of the pectoral girdle
- Acromion: “high point” of the shoulder
- Articulates anteriorly w/ sternum
- Spine: thick ridge extending inferiorly and medially from the acromion
- Coracoid process: lateral and superior projection
- Point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of arms/chest
- Glenoid cavity: depression accommodating the humeral head
Upper Limbs
- Composed of 30 bones and 3 regions:
- Humerus (proximal upper limb)
- Radius and ulna (forearm)
- Carpals + metacarpals + phalanges (wrist and hand)
Humerus
- Humeral head: large, rounded epiphysis of the humerus
- Articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula = glenohumeral joint
Ulna
- Medial and longest of the forearm bones
- Head of ulna: distal portion of the bone
- Joined to the wrist by fibrocartilage
- Olecranon: projection at the proximal end of the ulna
- Bony part of the elbow
Radius
- Lateral bone of the forearm
- Shorter than the ulna
- Head of the radius: proximal end of the bone
- Articulates with humerus and ulna
- Distal end articulates with ulna and carpals
Radius and Ulna
- Joined by:
- Joints at the epiphyses
- Two proximal joints (elbow)
- One distal joint (wrist)
- Interosseous membrane
- Fibrous connective tissue joining the diaphysis
- Joints at the epiphyses
Carpals
- Carpus or wrist formed by the distal radioulnar joint + radiocarpal joints
- Scaphoid: only broken bone in majority of wrist fractures
Metacarpals
- Intermediate to the carpals and phalanges
- Prominent heads = "knuckles"
- Numbered 1-5, thumb to little finger
Phalanges
- Bones of the digits
- Most distal bones of the upper limb
- Thumb = pollex
- Numbered 1-5, thumb to little finger
Pelvic Girdle
- Functions:
- Joins lower limbs to the axial skeleton
- Stabilizes the position of the axial skeleton during lower limb movement
- Protects organs of the reproductive, digestive, and excretory systems
Coxal (Hip) Bones
- Two hip or coxal bones fan out laterally from the sacrum
-
- Ilium
-
- Ischium
-
- Pubis
-
Ilium
- Acetabulum: depression accommodating the femoral head
- Iliac crest: superior and lateral border of the coxal bones
- Sciatic notch: nestles the longest nerve in the body: sciatic nerve
- Sacroiliac joint: portion of ilium joining the sacrum
Ischium
- Forms the inferior and posterior portion of the pelvic girdle
- A portion of the ischium forms the acetabulum
- "Butt bones"
Pubis
- Forms the anterior and inferior portion of the pelvic girdle
- Pubic symphysis: anterior joining of the two coxal bones (held together by fibrocartilage)
- Pubic arch: lies inferior to the pubic symphysis (the angle formed by the inferior joining of the coxal bones)
Obturator Foramen
- The largest foramen in the body
- Allows for rotation and abduction
- Provides passage for blood vessels and nerves
True vs. False Pelves
- Pelvis can be thought of like a bowl
- Pelvic brim: rim of the bowl dividing the pelvis into a superior and inferior portion
- False pelvis: portion superior to the pelvic brim
- True pelvis: portion inferior to the pelvic brim
Pelvic Axis
- Pelvic inlet: superior opening defined by the pelvic brim
- Pelvic outlet: inferior opening of the true pelvis
- Pelvic axis: imaginary line drawn from the centre of the inlet to the centre of the outlet
Male vs. Female Pelves
- Male and female pelves are different!
- There is a difference in the size of the pelvic brim and false pelvis, a greater than 90 degrees pubic arch is a sign of a female pelvis.
Lower Limb
- Composed of 30 bones in 4 regions:
- The femur (thigh)
- The patella (kneecap)
- The tibia and fibula (lower leg)
- The tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges of the foot (tarsus or ankles and feet)
Femur
- Longest, strongest and heaviest bone in the body
- Joins the pelvic girdle at the acetabulum
- Head of the femur: large round proximal epiphysis
- Neck of the femur: constricted portion just distal to the head (location of hip "breaks")
- Medial and lateral condyles: distal knobby projections (articulate with the tibia and patella)
Patella
- Sesamoid bone
- Articulates with the femur and tibia
- Functions:
- Protects the knee joint
- Stabilizes tendon position when the knee is bent
- Increases the leverage of the quadriceps femoris muscle
Tibia
- Longer bone of the lower leg
- Tibial tuberosity: large anterior and proximal projection
- Point of attachment for the patellar ligament
- Distal end of the tibia:
- Medial malleolus: articulates with the talus (a tarsal)
- Forms medial bony "ankle bone"
- Medial malleolus: articulates with the talus (a tarsal)
Fibula
- Smaller bone of the lower leg (lateral)
- Only articulates with the tibia and talus (tarsal)
- Fibulotalar joint:
- Forms lateral "ankle bone"
- Called the lateral malleolus
Tibia and Fibula
- Joined by:
- Joints at the epiphyses
- Proximal and distal tibiofibular joints
- Interosseous membrane
- Joins diaphyses
- Joints at the epiphyses
Tarsus
- Composed of seven tarsals
- Metatarsals are numbered 1-5 medial to lateral
- Phalanges are numbered 1-5 by digit (like the hand)
- The big toe is the hallux
Tarsals
- Located in the posterior portion of the foot
- Talus: articulates with the fibula to form the lateral malleolus
- Calcaneus: largest and strongest tarsal (forms the heel bone)
Summary
- Upper limbs are attached to the axial skeleton at the pectoral girdle
- Lower limbs are attached to the axial skeleton at the pelvic girdle
- Limbs move around articulations or joints formed at bone-bone contacts
- The appendicular skeleton stabilizes the axial skeleton so that muscles can move the limbs.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the appendicular skeleton, particularly the pectoral girdle. It covers the anatomy and functions of the clavicle and scapula, along with their significance in limb attachment. Test your knowledge on how these components contribute to structural support and movement in the upper limbs.
