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Questions and Answers
Which tarsal is known as the largest and strongest?
The big toe is referred to as the digitus minimus.
False
What articulates with the fibula to form the lateral malleolus?
Talus
The metatarsals are numbered from 1 to 5, starting from the _______ to _______.
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Match the following components with their respective functions:
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What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?
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The clavicle is a flat bone located posteriorly in the pectoral girdle.
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What is the name of the joint where the clavicle joins the sternum?
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The scapula has a depression called the __________ that accommodates the humeral head.
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Which bone is not part of the forearm?
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The olecranon is located at the distal end of the ulna.
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The radius is the __________ bone of the forearm.
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Match the following bones to their locations:
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What is formed by the distal radioulnar joint and radiocarpal joints?
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The scaphoid is the least commonly fractured bone in the wrist.
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What are the five digits of the hand called?
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The large foramen in the body that allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves is called the _____ foramen.
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Match the following pelvic structures to their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the female pelvis?
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The patella is a type of long bone.
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What is the term for the joint where the tibia and fibula articulate at the distal end?
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The angle formed by the inferior joining of the coxal bones is called the pubic _____.
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Which bone is considered the longest and strongest bone in the body?
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The tibia and fibula are joined by a fibrous joint at their epiphyses.
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What type of connective tissue joins the diaphysis of the radius and ulna?
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The _____ of the femur is the constricted portion just distal to the head.
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Which of the following bones is part of the lower limb?
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Study Notes
Appendicular Skeleton
- Anchors limbs to the axial skeleton
- Attaches to skeletal muscle
Pectoral Girdle
- Two lateral sides, each containing a clavicle and a scapula
- Clavicle is the collarbone (anterior)
- Scapula is the shoulder blade (posterior)
- Provides structural support to the shoulder region
Clavicle
- S-shaped bone forming the anterior portion of the pectoral girdle
- Joins the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint
- Only direct connection between pectoral girdle and axial skeleton
Scapula
- Triangular flat bone forming the posterior portion of the pectoral girdle
- Acromion is the "high point" of the shoulder
- Acromion articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint
- Spine is a thick ridge extending inferiorly and medially from the acromion
- Coracoid process is a lateral and superior projection, point of attachment for arm/chest muscles and ligaments
- Glenoid cavity is a depression accommodating the humeral head
Upper Limbs
- Comprised of 30 bones in three regions: humerus (proximal), radius and ulna (forearm), carpals + metacarpals + phalanges (wrist and hand)
Humerus
- Humeral head is the large rounded epiphysis, articulating with the glenoid cavity to form the glenohumeral joint
Ulna
- Medial and longest of the forearm bones
- Head of the ulna is at the distal portion, joined to the wrist by fibrocartilage
- Olecranon is a projection at the proximal end, the bony part of the elbow
Radius
- Lateral bone of the forearm, shorter than the ulna
- Head of the radius is located at the proximal end, articulating with the humerus and ulna
- Distal end articulates with the ulna and carpals
Radius and Ulna Connection
- Joints at the epiphyses (two proximal joints for the elbow, one distal joint for the wrist)
- Interosseous membrane: fibrous connective tissue joining the diaphysis
Carpals
- Carpus or wrist formed by the distal radioulnar joint + radiocarpal joints
- Scaphoid is the most frequently fractured wrist bone
Metacarpals
- Intermediate to the carpals and phalanges
- Prominent heads form "knuckles"
- Numbered 1-5, thumb to little finger
Phalanges
- Bones of the digits, most distal bones of the upper limb
- Thumb is called the pollex
- Numbered 1-5, thumb to little finger
Pelvic Girdle
- Functions: joins lower limbs to the axial skeleton, stabilizes the axial skeleton during lower limb movement, protects reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs
Coxal (Hip) Bones
- Two hip bones fan out laterally from the sacrum
- Subdivided into three regions: ilium, ischium, and pubis
Ilium
- Acetabulum is a depression accommodating the femoral head
- Iliac crest is the superior and lateral border of the coxal bones
- Sciatic notch nestles the sciatic nerve
- Sacroiliac joint is the portion of the ilium joining the sacrum
Ischium
- Forms the inferior and posterior portion of the pelvic girdle
- Part of the ischium forms the acetabulum
- "Butt bones"
Pubis
- Forms the anterior and inferior portion of the pelvic girdle
- Pubic symphysis is the anterior joining of the two coxal bones, held together by fibrocartilage
- Pubic arch lies inferior to the pubic symphysis, the angle formed by the inferior joining of the coxal bones
Obturator Foramen
- Largest foramen in the body
- Allows for rotation and abduction
- Provides passage for blood vessels and nerves
True vs. False Pelves
- Pelvis can be thought of like a bowl, with the rim forming the pelvic brim
- Pelvic brim divides the pelvis into superior and inferior portions
- False pelvis is the portion superior to the pelvic brim
- True pelvis is the portion inferior to the pelvic brim
Pelvic Axis
- Pelvic inlet is the superior opening defined by the pelvic brim
- Pelvic outlet is the inferior opening of the true pelvis
- Pelvic axis is an imaginary line drawn from the center of the inlet to the center of the outlet
Male and Female Pelves
- Male pelvis has a smaller pelvic brim and false pelvis, a pubic arch less than 90 degrees, and the pelvic inlet is heart-shaped.
- Female pelvis has a larger pelvic brim and false pelvis, a pubic arch greater than 90 degrees, and the pelvic inlet is oval-shaped.
Lower Limb
- Comprised of 30 bones in 4 regions: femur (thigh), patella (kneecap), tibia and fibula (lower leg), tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges of the foot (tarsus or ankles and feet)
Femur
- Longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body
- Joins the pelvic girdle at the acetabulum
- Head of the femur is the large round proximal epiphysis
- Neck of the femur is the constricted portion just distal to the head
- Medial and lateral condyles are distal knobby projections, articulating with the tibia and patella
Patella
- Sesamoid bone
- Articulates with the femur and tibia
- Protects the knee joint
- Stabilizes tendon position when the knee is bent
- Increases the leverage of the quadriceps femoris muscle
Tibia
- Longer bone of the lower leg
- Tibial tuberosity is a large anterior and proximal projection, point of attachment for the patellar ligament
- At the distal end:
- Medial malleolus articulates with the talus, forming the medial bony "ankle bone"
Fibula
- Smaller bone of the lower leg (lateral)
- Only articulates with the tibia and the talus
- Fibulotalar joint: forms the lateral "ankle bone" (lateral malleolus)
Tibia and Fibula Connection
- Joints at epiphyses (proximal and distal tibiofibular joints)
- Interosseous membrane joining the diaphyses
Tarsus
- Composed of seven tarsals
- Metatarsals are numbered 1-5 medial to lateral
- Phalanges are numbered 1-5 by digit (like the hand)
- Big toe is called the hallux
Tarsals
- Both are located in the posterior portion of the foot
- Talus articulates with the fibula to form the lateral malleolus
- Calcaneus is the largest and strongest tarsal, forming the heel bone
Summary
- The upper limbs are attached to the axial skeleton at the pectoral girdle
- The lower limbs are attached to the axial skeleton at the pelvic girdle
- The limbs move around articulations or joints formed at bone-bone contacts
- The appendicular skeleton stabilizes the axial skeleton so that muscles can move the limbs.
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts related to the appendicular skeleton, including the pectoral girdle, clavicle, and scapula. Understand the structural support each component provides and their connections to the axial skeleton. Test your knowledge on the key features and functions of the upper limbs as well.
