APEX Psychology Exam (5) Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are attitudes?

Unconscious preferences

Learned tendencies to like or dislike specific things (correct)

Things that happen naturally

Inherited traits

What is attribution?

The reason someone gives to explain his or her own behavior or experiences, or the behavior or experiences of others

The ______ fallacy refers to ignoring general information in favor of specific information.

Base rate

What is cognitive dissonance?

Holding two attitudes that disagree with each other Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to look for information that agrees with our opinions and therefore strengthens our bias Signup and view all the answers

What is consensus in social psychology?

When many people have the same response to a situation Signup and view all the answers

What does consistency refer to in behavior?

When a person acts or responds the same whenever a certain situation is present Signup and view all the answers

What is dispositional attribution?

Citing a person's qualities as the reasons for his or her actions or experiences Signup and view all the answers

What does distinctiveness mean in social behavior?

When a person acts differently from other people in the same situation Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences when judging other people's behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the representativeness heuristic?

The tendency to judge a person by what group he or she is in Signup and view all the answers

What is social cognition?

How people think about themselves, their roles, and other people Signup and view all the answers

What is self-concept?

The knowledge that a person has about him- or herself Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy?

How a person evaluates his or her ability to perform certain tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is self-esteem?

How someone feels about his or her self-knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

The tendency for people to meet expectations Signup and view all the answers

What does situation attribution refer to?

Citing a person's situation as the reason for his or her actions or experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is conformity?

Taking on the attitudes or actions of others because of real or imagined pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is deindividuation?

Losing self-awareness and feeling anonymous when in a group Signup and view all the answers

What is group polarization?

The tendency for extreme positions to arise when people are discussing an issue Signup and view all the answers

What is groupthink?

The tendency to ignore opposing views in order to maintain group harmony Signup and view all the answers

What is informational influence?

When a person feels inclined to agree with others because he or she thinks others have better information or understand the situation better Signup and view all the answers

What is minority influence?

Influence from people who have a view that is different from most other people's Signup and view all the answers

What is normative influence?

When a person feels inclined to agree with others because he or she wants to be accepted or does not want to cause trouble Signup and view all the answers

What is obedience?

Following the orders of an authority figure Signup and view all the answers

What is social facilitation?

Performing better in front of people than when alone Signup and view all the answers

What is social impairment?

Performing worse in front of people than when alone Signup and view all the answers

What is altruism?

Actions that benefit others without any apparent benefit to oneself Signup and view all the answers

What is attachment according to Zick Rubin?

An element of love marked by the desire to be near a person Signup and view all the answers

What is caring according to Zick Rubin?

An element of love marked by willingness to sacrifice for that person Signup and view all the answers

What is compassionate love according to Elaine Hatfield?

A feeling of caring that comes from one's life entwining with another's. Signup and view all the answers

What is consummate love according to Robert Sternberg?

A love that includes intimacy, passion, and commitment. Signup and view all the answers

What defines friendship as a type of personal relationship?

Characterized by positive feelings toward another person, empathy, trust, and a tendency to want to help the other Signup and view all the answers

What is infatuation in Sternberg's theory?

A love with high passion but low intimacy and commitment Signup and view all the answers

What is intimacy according to Zick Rubin?

An element of love marked by the desire to share inner thoughts and feelings with that person Signup and view all the answers

What is love?

A strong and consistent, positive feeling for another person Signup and view all the answers

What is the mere exposure effect?

The tendency to like a person the more you are around him or her Signup and view all the answers

What is passionate love according to Elaine Hatfield?

An intense biological arousal and longing for a person. Signup and view all the answers

What is prosocial behavior?

Behavior that benefits other people Signup and view all the answers

What is proximity in social relationships?

Being physically near another person so that friendship becomes more likely Signup and view all the answers

What is reciprocal liking?

Two people liking each other approximately equally Signup and view all the answers

What is romantic love in Sternberg's theory?

A love that contains intimacy and passion but no commitment Signup and view all the answers

What is similarity in social relationships?

Sharing similar interests and values with another person Signup and view all the answers

What is Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?

Robert Sternberg's theory of love, as combinations of different levels of intimacy, passion, and commitment Signup and view all the answers

What is utilitarian value in social relationships?

A person's ability to help others achieve their goals or to find opportunities that they value Signup and view all the answers

What is the contact hypothesis?

Direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice when the groups are fairly equal in status and there is personal interaction between group members in cooperative activities Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination?

An unjustifiably negative or harmful behavior toward a group or its members Signup and view all the answers

What is ingroup bias?

The tendency to favor and feel positively toward one's own social group Signup and view all the answers

What is ingroup solidarity?

The tendency for people within a group to trust, help, and understand each other Signup and view all the answers

What is intergroup conflict?

Conflict between groups Signup and view all the answers

What is a jigsaw classroom?

Activities that require students to depend on each other in order for all students to reach a desired goal Signup and view all the answers

What is outgroup derogation?

The tendency to put down other groups and treat them unfairly Signup and view all the answers

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

The tendency to think that members of the out-group are all the same while failing to see them as individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is prejudice?

An unjustifiably hostile or negative attitude toward a group or its individual members Signup and view all the answers

What was the Robbers Cave Experiment?

A study by Muzafer Sherif in 1954 at Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma in which the researchers created and then resolved conflict between groups Signup and view all the answers

What is scapegoat theory?

The tendency to find a group on which to blame problems in order to divert attention away from one's own failings Signup and view all the answers

What was the Stanford Prison Experiment?

A study conducted by Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University in 1971 in which students played the roles of prisoners and guards Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotyping?

To force one or more stereotypes onto a person Signup and view all the answers

What are superordinate goals?

Goals shared by different groups that make a conflict between the two groups seem less important Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Attitudes and Attribution

Attitudes: Learned tendencies influencing preferences or dislikes towards various aspects of life.
Attribution: Explanations individuals assign to their own behaviors or the behaviors of others.

Cognitive Biases and Heuristics

Base Rate Fallacy: Involves ignoring the statistical base rates when assessing probabilities.
Cognitive Dissonance: The mental discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
Confirmation Bias: Seeking only information that aligns with existing beliefs, reinforcing those biases.
Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating personal qualities and underestimating situational factors when evaluating others' behaviors.

Consensus: Occurs when a large group shares a similar response to a situation.
Dispositional Attribution: Attributing actions or experiences to an individual's inherent qualities.
Distinctiveness: Highlights unique responses an individual shows compared to others in similar contexts.

Group Behavior and Influence

Conformity: Adopting behaviors or attitudes of peers due to actual or perceived pressure.
Deindividuation: A state of reduced self-awareness and anonymity within a group context.
Group Polarization: The amplification of extreme positions within a group discussion.
Groupthink: The tendency to suppress dissenting viewpoints to maintain group cohesion.

Informational Influence: Aligning with a group because of perceived knowledge superiority by others.
Normative Influence: Conforming to fit in and avoid social disapproval or conflict.
Minority Influence: The impact that a smaller group can have on the majority or on group decision-making.

Obedience: Complying with directives from an authority figure.
Social Facilitation: Improved performance when being observed by others.
Social Impairment: Decreased performance when in the presence of others.

Theories of Love

Compassionate Love: Characterized by deep caring and life intertwining, with low passion.
Consummate Love: Incorporates intimacy, passion, and commitment, representing a balanced love.
Infatuation: High passion but lacks intimacy and commitment, often seen as fleeting.
Romantic Love: Features intimacy and passion but lacks a sense of commitment.

Friendship: A relationship marked by trust, empathy, and a desire to support each other.
Proximity: Physical closeness increases the likelihood of forming friendships.
Reciprocal Liking: Mutual liking between individuals, often correlating with relationship strength.
Similarity: Shared interests and values enhance relationships between individuals.

Prejudice: Unjust and negative attitudes directed toward a specific group or its members.
Discrimination: Negative actions or behaviors targeted at individuals based on group membership.
Ingroup Bias: Fostering positive feelings towards one's own social group.
Outgroup Derogation: Negative attitudes towards members of groups considered different.

Research Studies on Group Behavior

Robbers Cave Experiment: Demonstrated how conflict arises and can be resolved between groups through shared objectives.
Stanford Prison Experiment: Explored the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on role-play dynamics between prisoners and guards.

Theories of Conflict and Cooperation

Scapegoat Theory: Attributing one’s failures or problems to an external group as a diversion.
Superordinate Goals: Shared objectives that facilitate cooperation and reduce intergroup conflicts.
Contact Hypothesis: Interaction between hostile groups can reduce prejudice, provided the groups hold equal status and work together on shared tasks.

Stereotyping

Stereotyping: The act of applying one or more simplistic characteristics to an individual, often overlooking their unique traits.

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Description

These flashcards cover key concepts in psychology, focusing on attitudes, attribution, cognitive dissonance, and the base rate fallacy. Perfect for exam preparation and enhancing your understanding of psychological principles. Study efficiently and boost your knowledge with these helpful definitions.