AP World History Study Guide 2023

Questions and Answers

What is the time period from 1200 to 1450?

Middle Ages

What is East Asia made of?

China, Korea, Japan

What is the chronology of the four Chinese dynasties we need to know?

Han, Sui, Tang, Song

What is the general rule in East Asia regarding governments?

Governments maintain order through various institutions and obtain power. Signup and view all the answers

The ___________ utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify their rule.

Song dynasty of China Signup and view all the answers

In China, the system of using examinations for recruiting officials began under the _______.

Han Dynasty Signup and view all the answers

What are the three Chinese cultural traditions?

Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism Signup and view all the answers

What is the founder, location, and date of origin of Confucianism?

Founder: Confucius, Location: China, Date: 6th Century B.C.E. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key ideas of Confucianism?

Social harmony through moral example, secular outlook, importance of education, family as model of the state Signup and view all the answers

What is the founder, location, and date of origin of Daoism?

Founder: Laozi, Location: China, Date: 6th - 3rd Century B.C.E. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key ideas of Daoism?

Withdrawal from the world into contemplation of nature, simple living, end of striving Signup and view all the answers

What is the founder, location, and date of origin of Buddhism?

Founder: Siddhartha Gautama, Location: India, Date: 6th Century B.C.E. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key ideas of Buddhism?

Suffering caused by desire/attachment; end of suffering through modest and moral living and meditation practice Signup and view all the answers

Economic systems of ______ include producing, exchanging, and consuming.

East Asia Signup and view all the answers

The economy of ___________ flourished due to productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovative agriculture and manufacturing.

Song China Signup and view all the answers

What does Dar al-Islam mean?

House of Islam Signup and view all the answers

Where was Islam located before 900 CE?

Middle East, North Africa, southern western Europe. Signup and view all the answers

Where was Islam located after 900 CE?

East and West Africa, Eastern Europe, northern India, SE Asia Signup and view all the answers

_______ is a monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century by Muhammad.

Islam Signup and view all the answers

_______ is a monotheistic religion founded over 3,000 years ago, focusing on God (Yahweh) and adherence to the Torah.

Judaism Signup and view all the answers

_________ is a monotheistic religion founded on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

Christianity Signup and view all the answers

What were the three major types of political entities in Islam?

Caliphate, Sultanate, Empire Signup and view all the answers

______ is an Arabic term for successor of the prophet Muhammad.

Caliph Signup and view all the answers

______ is a Turkish term for the title of a ruler with power and authority.

Sultanate Signup and view all the answers

_______ is a Latin term for a monarch or sovereign ruler.

Emperor Signup and view all the answers

Slave soldiers were commonly used to expand territory and help spread Islamic rule in _________

Afro-Eurasia Signup and view all the answers

What does technology mean?

Making and using a tool to change the natural state of the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What does innovation mean?

A new idea, method, or device; or a change made to an existing idea, method, or device. Signup and view all the answers

When did important innovations in medicine, astronomy, and trade occur?

Dar al-Islam Signup and view all the answers

What region contains countries like India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh?

South Asia Signup and view all the answers

What region contains countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia?

Southeast Asia Signup and view all the answers

What was the biggest religion in South Asia?

Hinduism Signup and view all the answers

_________ is a diverse religious tradition originating in the Indian subcontinent, characterized by beliefs in karma and reincarnation.

Hinduism Signup and view all the answers

Hindu beliefs lead to the ______ system.

Caste Signup and view all the answers

Even though Buddhism originated in ____________, it became popular in many other places.

India Signup and view all the answers

__________ spread Islam to South Asia but it was much more popular in Southeast Asia.

Turkic Invaders Signup and view all the answers

The mixture of religions in South Asia led to ______.

Sufism Signup and view all the answers

The religion of Islam spread to South Asia by long-distance trade across the __________.

Indian Ocean Signup and view all the answers

In South Asia in the 1200s to 1450s, they use ______ to follow the rules of the government.

Religion (Hinduism, Islamic) Signup and view all the answers

What religion is in the northern part of South Asia in 1200 to 1450s?

Islam Signup and view all the answers

What religion is in the southern part of South Asia in the 1200s to 1450s?

Hinduism Signup and view all the answers

What two things helped the governments stay stable in Southeast Asia in the 1200s to 1450s?

Long Distance Trade and a Healthy Economy Signup and view all the answers

How did states in the Americas gain and keep power?

Using religion (Aztec human sacrifice) and facilitating long-distance trade (Incan road system) Signup and view all the answers

Why did the states in Africa begin to develop circa 1200?

They discovered a number of valuable raw materials Signup and view all the answers

State building circa _____________ refers to the process of creating centralized political institutions.

1200 to 1450 Signup and view all the answers

What were the three biggest religions in Europe in 1200 to 1450?

Christianity, Islam, Judaism Signup and view all the answers

What type of Christianity was in the West in Europe in the 1200-1450?

Roman Catholics (Pope) Signup and view all the answers

What type of Christianity was in the East in Europe in the 1200-1450?

Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire) Signup and view all the answers

What disease was the Black Death?

Bubonic Plague Signup and view all the answers

What years did the Black Death peak?

1348 - 1350 Signup and view all the answers

Where did the Black Death spread from?

From Asia to Europe Signup and view all the answers

When did the Hundred Years War occur?

1337 - 1417 Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hundred Years War about?

Fight between the rulers of England and France over territorial claims. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Great Schism?

Event in early 1300s where two popes were elected simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

The _________ were a series of religiously motivated wars to regain the Holy Land.

Crusades Signup and view all the answers

When did the Crusades end?

End of 1200s Signup and view all the answers

What was the biggest political and economic structure in Europe before the 1200s?

Feudalism (serfs & lords) Signup and view all the answers

__________ eventually fades away in Europe due to various factors.

Feudalism Signup and view all the answers

________ is farther behind than the rest of the world in 1200 to 1450.

Europe Signup and view all the answers

Where did the Silk Road connect to?

China, into Asia, then the Mediterranean Sea. Signup and view all the answers

What two states/empires did the Silk Road connect in the classical period?

Han Chinese Dynasty and Roman Empire Signup and view all the answers

What caused the growth of exchange networks such as the silk road?

New Empires Signup and view all the answers

Political stability causes more ________.

Trade Signup and view all the answers

What major cities emerged due to increased trade?

Samarkand Signup and view all the answers

Peace precedes __________.

Prosperity Signup and view all the answers

What trade route saw significant impacts from textiles, paper money, and silk?

Silk Road Signup and view all the answers

Genghis Khan led the _________

Mongols Signup and view all the answers

Who defeated the Song Dynasty, Abbasid Caliphate, and conquered Russia?

Mongols Signup and view all the answers

Which group had more long-distance trade, leading to tax revenues and strong governance?

Mongols Signup and view all the answers

What were the results of Mongol rule?

Massive movement of technology and knowledge, spread of religious ideas, new kingdoms, the Black Death. Signup and view all the answers

What increased trade on the Indian Ocean?

Knowledge of monsoon winds, new technologies, desire for foreign goods. Signup and view all the answers

____________ refers to the migration of a group of people from their homeland.

Diaspora Signup and view all the answers

Which region had the biggest naval power on the Indian Ocean?

China Signup and view all the answers

________ was the main religion spreading along the Silk Road.

Buddhism Signup and view all the answers

_________ was the main religion spread in the Indian Ocean.

Islam Signup and view all the answers

What was the trans-Saharan trade route's length?

From the kingdoms of West Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Signup and view all the answers

Mansa Musa practiced which religion?

Islam Signup and view all the answers

Which empire did Mansa Musa rule?

Mali Signup and view all the answers

Timbuktu was a great city in the _____ empire.

Mali Signup and view all the answers

Mansa Musa's gold distribution caused what economic effect?

Inflation Signup and view all the answers

What encouraged interregional trade across the Sahara?

Introduction of camels from Arabia and the camel saddle. Signup and view all the answers

Merchants are very well respected in which religion?

Islam Signup and view all the answers

What crops were spread due to long-distance trade?

Champa rice, bananas, citrus crops. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic made Champa rice notable?

Drought-resistant, flood-resistant, yields twice annually. Signup and view all the answers

With the spread of ______, you see population increase and land cultivation.

Crops Signup and view all the answers

The ______ was introduced to Africa from Arabia.

Camel Signup and view all the answers

Social-economic reforms in Europe occurred due to the _____________.

Bubonic Plague Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant advancement that encouraged trade across the trans-Saharan route?

Camel saddle Signup and view all the answers

The bubonic plague spread from ________ to Europe.

China Signup and view all the answers

________ was introduced to West Africa around the 9th century.

Islam Signup and view all the answers

What is the time period marking the start of 1450 - 1750?

Early Modern period Signup and view all the answers

What did the use of gunpowder lead to?

Conquest/Expansion of many more empires Signup and view all the answers

Which empire captured the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, in 1453?

Ottoman Empire Signup and view all the answers

Who was in control of the Ottoman Empire at its peak?

Suleiman I Signup and view all the answers

What type of expansion relied on increased use of gunpowder?

Imperial expansion Signup and view all the answers

What are the examples of Land-Based Empires in Afro-Eurasia?

Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire, Songhay Empire, Qing Dynasty of China (Manchus), Russia, Europe (France, England) Signup and view all the answers

In 1450 - 1750, what was a significant aspect of many states?

Massive expansion of colonial states like the Spanish, English, and French. Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of a bureaucracy?

To have a much more centralized state with many more people on the ground. Signup and view all the answers

What dynasty came to control China after the fall of the Mongols?

Ming Dynasty Signup and view all the answers

What examples demonstrate the bureaucracy of the Ming Dynasty?

Tax collection, strong central government, restored civil service exam, public works. Signup and view all the answers

What does bureaucracy refer to?

A system of government characterized by complex rules and hierarchies. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Time Period 1200 - 1450

Significant changes and developments in various global regions occurred.

Geography of East Asia

Comprises China, Korea, and Japan.

Chinese Dynasties

Key dynasties: Han, Sui, Tang, Song.

Governance and Order in East Asia

Governments use administrative systems, policies, and procedures to maintain order and exercise power.

Song Dynasty

Utilized Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy for legitimization and governance.

Examination System in China

Originated in the Han Dynasty, focused on Confucian texts with intense competition among candidates.

Cultural Traditions of China

Main traditions are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism.

Confucianism

Founded by Confucius in 6th Century B.C.E. in China.
Promotes social harmony, moral leadership, education, and family as state model.

Daoism

Founded by Laozi, emerging between the 6th and 3rd Century B.C.E. in China.
Emphasizes withdrawal from society, contemplation of nature, and simple living.

Buddhism

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the 6th Century B.C.E. in India.
Focuses on overcoming suffering through moral living and meditation.

Economic Systems in East Asia

Production is by free peasants and artisans, exchange involves merchants, and consumption is by individuals/groups.

Economic Prosperity of Song China

Flourished due to productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and agricultural and manufacturing innovations.

Islam and its Geography

"Dar al-Islam" means House of Islam.
Inhabited regions included the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe before 900 CE, expanding to Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Asia afterward.

Major World Religions

Islam founded by Muhammad in the 7th century.
Judaism founded over 3,000 years ago based on the Torah.
Christianity founded on the teachings of Jesus Christ.

Islamic Political Entities

Included caliphates, sultanates, and empires, with the caliph as a title for Muhammad's successor.

Slave soldiers expanded territories and spread Islamic influence.

Technology and Innovation

Defined as creating tools to alter the environment; adaptations of existing methods or ideas.

Innovation Timeline in Dar al-Islam

Innovations included advancements in algebra, medicine, and the spread of paper-making and literature during this period.

Regions of South Asia

Includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, with Hinduism as the predominant religion.

Characteristics of Hinduism

Complex religious and philosophical tradition featuring karma, reincarnation, and multiple divine representations.

Sufi Influence in South Asia

Mixtures of religions led to the rise of Sufism.

Economic Trade Systems in Southeast Asia

Trade facilitated stability in governance during 1200 - 1450 through long-distance trade and a healthy economy.

Agricultural Developments

Champa rice, drought, and flood-resistant crops led to population increases and environmental changes.

Influence of the Bubonic Plague

The Black Death peaked from 1348 - 1350, originating from Asia and significantly impacting Europe's economy and labor force.

Hundred Years War

Fought between England and France from 1337 to 1417 over territorial rights in continental Europe.

Feudalism in Europe

Dominant political and economic system before the 1200s, characterized by lords and serfs, which eventually waned due to sociopolitical changes.

Silk Road Connections

Linked China to Asia and the Mediterranean, facilitating trade and cultural exchange.

Mongolian Empire

Led by Genghis Khan, the Mongols expanded territories, influencing trade and knowledge spread across Eurasia.

Indian Ocean Trade

Increasing trade spurred by technological advancements and demand for luxury goods.

Spread of Islam and Buddhism

Islam dominated the Indian Ocean trade; Buddhism was prevalent on the Silk Road.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

Expanded trade between West Africa and the Mediterranean, with the introduction of camels enhancing trade volume.

Mansa Musa

Islamic ruler of the Mali Empire, famous for lavish displays of wealth, leading to inflation in regions visited.

Bureaucracy and Administration

System used by the Ming Dynasty to restore centralized government control after the fall of Mongol rule, including tax collection and civil service exam restoration.

Expansion of Empires (1450-1750)

Gunpowder use facilitated territorial conquests, particularly by the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman I, leading to significant expansion and centralization of admin structures.

Significance of Trade Networks

Centralized power and economic growth relied on inter-regional trade developments, technological advancements, and the establishment of effective bureaucracies.

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Prepare for the AP World History exam with this comprehensive study guide. Cover key periods, including 1200-1450, and essential concepts of East Asia and Chinese dynasties. Use these flashcards to reinforce your knowledge and understanding of historical governance and power structures.