AP World History Chapter 21 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following was a criticism of the Soviet model of industrialization made by Chinese leaders in the mid-1950s?

It promoted collective values

It was too focused on heavy industry

It ignored agricultural needs

It promoted individualistic and careerist values (correct)

Which of the following contributed to the failure of Soviet reforms to strengthen socialism and revive a stagnant economy?

Strong international trade relations

Increased agricultural production

The planned economy was dismantled before a functioning market-based system could emerge (correct)

Effective leadership changes

In the twenty-first century, international tensions born of communism remain in?

East Asia and the Caribbean

How did the Cold War affect countries emerging from colonial rule in the second half of the twentieth century?

Both the United States and the Soviet Union gave them military and economic aid in the hope of gaining their support Signup and view all the answers

Which country's membership in the 'second world' of communist countries occurred without Soviet military intervention?

Cuba Signup and view all the answers

Which country was an arena for a 'hot war' between Soviet-backed communist forces and U.S.-backed resistance forces?

Afghanistan Signup and view all the answers

What did the different expressions of global communism in the twentieth century share in common?

A common ideology derived from European Marxism Signup and view all the answers

Which value was emphasized in the socialist modernity of communist states?

Equality Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the Soviet policy of glasnost have on the communist countries in Eastern Europe?

It sparked demonstrations that toppled the communist states in Eastern Europe Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurred in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism?

Open conflict among different ethnic groups living within the same state Signup and view all the answers

Which event in China was most similar to the search for 'enemies of the people' in the Soviet Terror of the late 1930s?

The Tiananmen Incident Signup and view all the answers

What did the Russian and Chinese revolutions share in common with the French Revolution?

A vision of the good society in a modernizing future Signup and view all the answers

Which highlights the failure of Soviet policy in the 1930s to live up to its promises?

"How can we liquidate classes, if new classes have developed here, with the only difference being that they are not called classes?" Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase was used during the Soviet Terror to describe the activities in the gulag camps?

Land Improvement Signup and view all the answers

Whose perspective is expressed in the statement from the Soviet Union about fighting to keep an honest name?

A revolutionary imprisoned during the Great Purges Signup and view all the answers

Which color is associated with the new society created by the communist revolution in China?

Red Signup and view all the answers

Which contributed to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution?

The pressures of World War I Signup and view all the answers

Which describes relations among those countries controlled by communist parties?

Bitter and divisive conflict undermined any sense of communist solidarity Signup and view all the answers

Which reflects aspects of the Chinese Communist Party's strategy on their revolutionary path to power?

Land reform and guerrilla warfare Signup and view all the answers

The tensions of the Cold War strengthened the influence of which on the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union?

The military-industrial complex Signup and view all the answers

In what respect did the communist movements in the twentieth century depart from Marxist theory?

They occurred in largely agrarian societies Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to China, the collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union was marked by?

Extensive violence and the execution or deportation of wealthier peasants Signup and view all the answers

Which made modernization more difficult in China than in Russia?

The larger population in China Signup and view all the answers

Which refers to the military alliance that united the Soviet Union with Eastern European communist states against Western capitalist countries during the Cold War?

The Warsaw Pact Signup and view all the answers

Which was a feature common in both Soviet and Chinese policies toward women?

They were largely state-directed Signup and view all the answers

Which contributed to the Bolsheviks' victory in the Russian Civil War?

The divisions among their opponents Signup and view all the answers

What was the end result of Mao's two great campaigns – the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution?

The death and ruin of tens of millions, and the widespread discrediting of communism Signup and view all the answers

Which promises made by the Bolsheviks resonated with the majority of the Russian population in 1917?

Worker control of factories Signup and view all the answers

Which was a feature of most communist states?

Mass organizations controlled by the Communist Party Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the reforms instituted under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping in China in the 1980s?

Rapid economic growth based on capitalist models Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to Russia, the communist revolution in China focused on?

Building peasant support in the countryside Signup and view all the answers

Which was a feature of both Soviet and Chinese reforms in the 1980s and 1990s?

Welcoming foreign investment in joint enterprises Signup and view all the answers

Which contributed to American global influence in the decades following World War II?

A productive economy in a country untouched by the destruction of war Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Soviet Model of Industrialization

Chinese leaders criticized the Soviet model for fostering individualistic and careerist values.

Soviet Reforms and Economic Challenges

Soviet reforms failed due to dismantling the planned economy before establishing a functioning market-based system.

Ongoing International Tensions

Tensions linked to communism persist in East Asia and the Caribbean in the twenty-first century.

Cold War Influence on Post-Colonial Countries

The U.S. and the Soviet Union provided military and economic aid to newly independent nations to gain support during the Cold War.

Cuba's Communist Path

Cuba became a member of the "second world" of communist countries without Soviet military intervention.

Afghanistan as a Conflict Arena

Afghanistan served as a battlefield between Soviet-backed communist forces and U.S.-backed resistance forces.

Global Communism and Ideology

Various expressions of global communism derived from a common ideology rooted in European Marxism.

Values of Socialist Modernity

Communism emphasized equality as a prominent value in the socialist modernity of its states.

Glasnost's Impact on Eastern Europe

The Soviet policy of glasnost led to demonstrations that ultimately toppled communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

Ethnic Conflicts Post-Soviet Union

The collapse of the Soviet Union triggered open conflicts among different ethnic groups within the same state.

Tiananmen Incident and Soviet Terror

The search for "enemies of the people" during the Soviet Terror mirrored events like the Tiananmen Incident in China.

Revolutionary Visions

Both the Russian and Chinese revolutions shared a vision of a good society in a modernizing future akin to the French Revolution.

Criticism of 1930s Soviet Policies

Criticisms highlighted the failure of Soviet policy to eliminate classes, as new classes emerged despite promises.

Soviet Terror Language

During the Soviet Terror, the phrase "Land Improvement" was used to describe activities in gulag camps.

Revolutionary Prisoner Experience

A revolutionary imprisoned during the Great Purges expressed a struggle to maintain dignity in horrific conditions.

Symbolism of Color in Communism

The color red symbolizes the new society created by the communist revolution in China.

World War I's Role in the Russian Revolution

The pressures of World War I contributed significantly to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution.

Relations Among Communist States

Relations among communist-controlled countries often featured bitter conflicts that undermined solidarity.

Chinese Communist Party Strategy

Strategies employed by the Chinese Communist Party included land reform and guerrilla warfare.

Military-Industrial Complex Influence

Cold War tensions strengthened the military-industrial complex's influence over U.S. and Soviet governments.

Departure from Marxist Theory

Twentieth-century communist movements diverged from Marxist theory by occurring in predominantly agrarian societies.

Collectivization in the Soviet Union

Soviet collectivization of agriculture involved significant violence and the targeting of wealthier peasants.

China's Modernization Challenges

China's larger population made modernization efforts more complex compared to those in Russia.

Warsaw Pact Formation

The Warsaw Pact unified the Soviet Union and Eastern European communist states against Western capitalist nations during the Cold War.

Women's Policies in Communist States

Policies toward women in both Soviet and Chinese contexts were primarily state-directed.

Bolshevik Victory Factors

The success of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War was bolstered by divisions among their opponents.

Consequences of Mao's Campaigns

Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution resulted in the deaths of millions and significant discrediting of communism.

Bolshevik Promises in 1917

The Bolsheviks' promise of worker control over factories resonated deeply with the Russian populace in 1917.

Common Features of Communist States

Most communist states featured mass organizations that were controlled by the Communist Party.

Deng Xiaoping's Economic Reforms

Reforms under Deng Xiaoping in the 1980s led to rapid economic growth by adopting capitalist models.

Peasant Focus of Chinese Revolution

Unlike Russia, the Chinese communist revolution concentrated on gaining peasant support in the countryside.

Foreign Investment in Reforms

Both Soviet and Chinese reforms in the 1980s and 1990s embraced foreign investment in joint enterprises.

American Global Influence Post-WWII

Following World War II, America's global influence grew due to a productive economy untouched by war's destruction.

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Test your knowledge on key criticisms of the Soviet model and the failures of its economic reforms in Chapter 21 of AP World History. This quiz features flashcards designed to reinforce your understanding of these pivotal historical concepts.