AP World Chapter 27 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What were the Tanzimat reforms?

The Tanzimat reforms were a series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 that established a Western style university, state postal system, railways, and extensive legal reforms.

What is meant by the term 'ayan'?

The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.

Who was Selim III?

Sultan who ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807.

What were Mahmud II's significant contributions?

He built a private, professional army, crushed the power of the Janissaries, and initiated reforms based on Western precedents. Signup and view all the answers

What was Abdul Hamid's approach to governance?

He attempted to return to despotic absolutism and restricted civil liberties. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (Young Turks)?

They aimed to restore the 1876 constitution. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Muhammad Ali?

He was a ruler in Egypt who established mastery by 1811 and introduced significant military and administrative reforms. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Suez Canal?

It connected the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and was financed by European investors. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China. Signup and view all the answers

What led to the Taiping Rebellion?

It arose from dislocations caused by the Opium War and poor conditions in South China. Signup and view all the answers

What were some causes of the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

Weak rulers, competition from European goods, and unrest among various elite groups contributed to the decline. Signup and view all the answers

What were the reforms of Mahmud II?

He established a diplomatic corps on Western lines, westernized the army, and imported European military advisors. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Tanzimat reforms have on women's status?

Women's status gained little, with few improvements despite debates on educational and social reforms. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Young Turks affect the Arabs in the Ottoman Empire?

The Young Turks aimed to enforce state control and continued the subjugation of Arab leaders. Signup and view all the answers

What led to the semi-Christian rebellion in southern China?

Defeat during the Opium War and poor conditions were significant causes. Signup and view all the answers

What did Abdul Hamid attempt to establish while still continuing reforms?

Autocratic rule Signup and view all the answers

Who came to power as a result of the coup of 1908?

Young Turks Signup and view all the answers

The sultan was reestablished as a figurehead after the coup?

True Signup and view all the answers

What commonality did Arabs have with the Turks?

Islam Signup and view all the answers

What significant event opened a new era of reforms in the Middle East?

Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Mamluks during their defeat by Napoleon?

Murad Signup and view all the answers

What were the consequences of Muhammad Ali's reforms in Egypt?

Dependency on cotton exports Signup and view all the answers

Muhammad Ahmad was known as the Mahdi?

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Omdurman?

Sudanese forces were crushed by the British Signup and view all the answers

Who unified the Manchu nomads in the early 1600s?

Nurhaci Signup and view all the answers

What was one result of minimal changes under the Manchu?

Decline in the status of women Signup and view all the answers

The examination system in Qing China ceased to fill its role in bringing forward ______ administrators.

able Signup and view all the answers

What was the Taiping Rebellion?

A revolt led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing Signup and view all the answers

The Boxer Rebellion was successful in expelling foreigners?

False Signup and view all the answers

What did secret societies aim to achieve in Qing China?

End Qing rule Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the Manchu lose power due to a revolution?

1911 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tanzimat Reforms

Series of Ottoman Empire reforms from 1839 to 1876 aimed at modernization.
Established a Western-style university, state postal system, railways, and legal changes.
Resulted in the creation of a new constitution in 1876.

Key Figures in Ottoman Reforms

Selim III: Sultan (1789-1807) focused on administrative efficiency and creating a modern army; overthrown by Janissaries.
Mahmud II: Successfully established a private army, crushed Janissaries, and initiated significant reforms modeled on Western practices.
Abdul Hamid: Sultan (1878-1908) attempted to revert to absolutism; nullified constitution, restricted rights, and later deposed.

Young Turks Movement

Established by Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, opposing Abdul Hamid's regime.
Aimed to restore the 1876 constitution and modernize the empire.

Egyptian Context

Muhammad Ali (1811-1848): Rose to power post-Mamluk rule, reforming the army and challenging Ottoman authority; his policies led to debt and European intervention.
Khedives: Descendants of Muhammad Ali who ruled Egypt until 1952, facing continual foreign intervention and control.

Historical Events in Egypt

Suez Canal: Opened in 1869, financed by Europeans; increased debt and led to British political intervention.
Arabi's Revolt (1882): Egyptian army officers revolted against Turkish dominance, prompting British military intervention and eventual control over Egyptian leadership.

Resistance and Rebellion in the Late Qing Dynasty

Taiping Rebellion: Massive revolt (1850s-1860s) led by Hong Xiuquan, seeking to overthrow the Qing and establish social reforms; ultimately suppressed by provincial leaders.
Self-Strengthening Movement: 19th-century efforts to modernize and adopt Western technologies amidst failures in governance.

Decline of Empires

Ottoman Decline: Characterized by weak leadership, social unrest, inflation, and foreign competition undermining traditional crafts.
Qing Dynasty Issues: Corruption and ineffectiveness in governance led to declining revenues and public discontent.

Reforms and Impact on Society

Mahmud II's reforms: Focused on military restructuring and Westernization; however, artisan classes suffered due to increased foreign competition.
Women's Rights: Although debated, little significant progress for women's status due to traditional resistance.

International Relations and Interventions

Britain supported the Ottoman Empire to prevent Russian expansion and maintain control over the Mediterranean.
French and British interventions in Egypt and the broader Middle East reflected regional instability and European imperial interests.

Summary of Political Discontent

Young Turks initially supported by Arabs but later disappointed by continued imperial dominance.
Resistance movements across the region highlighted the desire for autonomy from imperial rule and modernization efforts.### Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh
Advocated for rational inquiry within the Islamic tradition.
Supported reforms against foreign financial control of the khedives.

British Control in Egypt

Khedives faced financial struggles, resulting in increased control by British and French bankers.
Ahmad Orabi led a revolt in 1882; British intervention restored khedivial authority.

Egypt and the Sudan Conflict

Egypt's involvement in Sudan aimed at halting the slave trade met fierce resistance from Sudanic peoples.
Muhammad Ahmad emerged as the Mahdi, opposing Egyptian and British control, and sought to purify Islam through jihad.
Mahdi's military leadership established Sudan as an Islamic state until his death.

British Reoccupation of Sudan

Following the Mahdi's death, Lord Kitchener led a British expedition to Sudan in 1896.
The Battle of Omdurman in 1898 decisively defeated Sudanese forces, marking the end of the Mahdist state.

Nurhaci and the Qing Dynasty's Beginnings

Nurhaci united Manchu nomads in the early 1600s, creating powerful banner armies.
The Manchu adopted Chinese bureaucratic methods and employed scholar-officials.
Seizing Beijing, they established the Qing dynasty, maintaining minimal changes to governance and supporting Confucianism.

Minimal Changes in Qing Society

Social structure saw little alteration, except potentially a decline in women's status.
Rural reforms aimed to enhance cultivation and infrastructure; outcomes were limited.
Merchants thrived as compradors, connecting China to global markets.

Decline of the Qing Dynasty

Examination system lost efficacy; positions were increasingly bought, undermining meritocracy.
Public works suffered neglect, leading to disasters like flooding in Shandong.
Increased banditry indicated state weakening and a perceived need for a new dynasty.

Opium Trade and the Opium War

British merchants capitalized on opium exports to China, which led to widespread addiction and societal issues.
Efforts to eliminate the trade culminated in the Opium War (1839-42) after Lin Zexu’s crackdown.
China's defeat resulted in forced trade openings and the establishment of Hong Kong as a British outpost.

Taiping Rebellion

Sparked by Qing failures and foreign interference, the rebellion was led by Hong Xiuquan.
Although militarily effective, internal disunity and British opposition led to its downfall.
The rebellion challenged both Qing authority and traditional social structures.

Cixi and the Self-Strengthening Movement

Zeng Guofan spearheaded the self-strengthening movement, advocating for Western technology while resisting foreign influence.
Dowager Empress Cixi opposed substantial reforms, hindering modernization efforts.

Boxer Rebellion

The 1901 Boxer Rebellion aimed at expelling foreigners but resulted in increased European dominance over China.

Secret Societies and the End of Qing Dynasty

Secret societies emerged to challenge Qing rule; although initially unsuccessful, they fostered future reformers like Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
The 1911 revolution concluded the Qing dynasty, with civil-service exams abolished in 1905 after 2,500 years of tradition.

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Review key concepts from AP World History Chapter 27 with these flashcards. This chapter covers significant reforms in the Ottoman Empire, influential figures, and important terms that shaped the era. Perfect for exam preparation and reinforcing your understanding of historical changes.