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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason patients with diabetes have sweet-smelling urine?
What is the primary reason patients with diabetes have sweet-smelling urine?
- High levels of fat in the blood
- High levels of proteins in the urine
- Excessive water intake
- Presence of glucose in the urine (correct)
What does 'hyperglycemia' refer to in patients with diabetes?
What does 'hyperglycemia' refer to in patients with diabetes?
- Excessive levels of insulin in the blood
- Low levels of glucose in the blood
- Normal glucose levels in the body
- High levels of glucose in the blood (correct)
How is diabetes primarily diagnosed?
How is diabetes primarily diagnosed?
- Through urine analysis
- By measuring glucose levels in the blood (correct)
- Assessing symptoms alone
- Using blood pressure readings
What type of sugar is found in the urine of diabetic patients?
What type of sugar is found in the urine of diabetic patients?
What distinguishes diabetic individuals from those with normal blood sugar levels?
What distinguishes diabetic individuals from those with normal blood sugar levels?
What initiates the immune system's response?
What initiates the immune system's response?
What is the primary function of B lymphocytes in the immune response?
What is the primary function of B lymphocytes in the immune response?
Which cells are responsible for directly eliminating infected cells?
Which cells are responsible for directly eliminating infected cells?
What role do suppressor T cells play in the immune system?
What role do suppressor T cells play in the immune system?
How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?
How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?
What is a key characteristic of antibodies?
What is a key characteristic of antibodies?
What happens after B lymphocytes are activated by helper T cells?
What happens after B lymphocytes are activated by helper T cells?
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
What type of immunity is developed when antibodies are produced as a result of an illness?
What type of immunity is developed when antibodies are produced as a result of an illness?
Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for producing antibodies?
Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for producing antibodies?
What is the role of memory lymphocytes in the immune response?
What is the role of memory lymphocytes in the immune response?
How does passive immunity naturally occur?
How does passive immunity naturally occur?
Which of the following vaccines is designed to protect against tuberculosis?
Which of the following vaccines is designed to protect against tuberculosis?
What happens during a primary immune response?
What happens during a primary immune response?
What is the result of a secondary immune response?
What is the result of a secondary immune response?
What characteristic do antigens have that allows the immune system to recognize them?
What characteristic do antigens have that allows the immune system to recognize them?
What distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity?
What distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity?
Which lymphocyte type includes T helper and cytotoxic cells?
Which lymphocyte type includes T helper and cytotoxic cells?
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Study Notes
The Immune System
- The immune system is a complex response triggered when a foreign substance (antigen) enters the body.
- The response involves specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are classified into B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
- B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies.
- T lymphocytes mature in the thymus and include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells.
- Helper T cells activate B lymphocytes and assist in other immune responses.
- Cytotoxic T cells directly attack and destroy infected cells.
- Suppressor T cells regulate the immune response, preventing excessive reactions.
- Antigen is a foreign substance capable of triggering an immune response.
- Antibodies are proteins produced by B lymphocytes that specifically bind to antigens.
- The immune system produces a primary response when exposed to a disease-causing agent for the first time.
- Memory lymphocytes provide immunological memory, allowing the body to mount a faster and more effective secondary response upon subsequent exposure to the same agent.
- Active immunity is acquired through exposure to a disease or vaccination.
- Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another organism.
- Vaccines introduce inactive toxins or dead/weakened antigens into the body, triggering an immune response without causing illness.
Blood Sugar and Diabetes
- Individuals with diabetes have high levels of glucose in their blood (hyperglycemia).
- Diabetes can be diagnosed by measuring the amount of glucose in the blood through a blood test.
- Blood glucose levels can be measured through a rapid finger prick test or a laboratory analysis of a blood sample.
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