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AP Psychology Unit 9: Social Psychology
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AP Psychology Unit 9: Social Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What is social psychology?

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

What is attribution theory?

The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional (internal) causes rather than situational (external) causes.

What are attitudes?

<p>Patterns of feelings and beliefs about other people, ideas, or objects that are evaluative in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is central route persuasion?

<p>Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peripheral route persuasion?

<p>Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

<p>The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a role?

<p>A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

<p>The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conformity?

<p>Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is normative social influence?

<p>Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is informational social influence?

<p>Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social facilitation?

<p>Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social loafing?

<p>The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deindividuation?

<p>The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is group polarization?

<p>The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is groupthink?

<p>The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is culture?

<p>Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a norm?

<p>Principles of right action, binding upon the members of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is personal space?

<p>The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prejudice?

<p>A rigid attitude based on group membership that predisposes an individual to act negatively toward another group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stereotype?

<p>A generalized belief about a group of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination?

<p>Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ingroup?

<p>&quot;Us&quot; - people with whom one shares a common identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is outgroup?

<p>&quot;Them&quot; - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ingroup bias?

<p>The tendency to favor our own group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is scapegoat theory?

<p>The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the other-race effect?

<p>The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is just-world phenomenon?

<p>The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is aggression?

<p>Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the frustration-aggression principle?

<p>The principle that frustration creates anger which can generate aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mere exposure effect?

<p>The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passionate love?

<p>An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is companion love?

<p>Contains intimacy and commitment; basically a long-term friendship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is equity in relationships?

<p>A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-disclosure?

<p>Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is altruism?

<p>Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bystander effect?

<p>The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social exchange theory?

<p>The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, aiming to maximize benefits and minimize costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reciprocity norm?

<p>An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the social-responsibility norm?

<p>An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conflict?

<p>A struggle between opposing forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a social trap?

<p>A situation in which conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mirror-image perceptions?

<p>Mutual views often held by conflicting people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

<p>A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are superordinate goals?

<p>Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does GRIT stand for?

<p>Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social Psychology

  • Field studying how individuals think, influence, and relate to one another.

Attribution Theory

  • Explains behavior through situational or dispositional factors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

  • Tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal traits rather than external circumstances.

Attitudes

  • Evaluative feelings and beliefs shaped by experiences, influencing future behavior.

Central Route Persuasion

  • Persuasion method where individuals focus on content and arguments.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

  • Persuasion based on incidental cues, like speaker attractiveness, rather than message content.

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

  • People agreeing to smaller requests are likely to comply with larger requests later.

Role

  • Set expectations defining appropriate behavior for social positions.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

  • Discomfort from conflicting thoughts leads individuals to adjust attitudes to alleviate tension.

Conformity

  • Adjusting behavior or thinking to align with group standards.

Normative Social Influence

  • Desire for approval or to avoid disapproval influences behavior.

Informational Social Influence

  • Acceptance of others' opinions about reality based on willingness to be influenced.

Social Facilitation

  • Enhanced performance on simple tasks when in the presence of others.

Social Loafing

  • Individuals exert less effort in group tasks compared to working alone.

Deindividuation

  • Loss of self-awareness in group settings, often leading to impulsive behaviors.

Group Polarization

  • Tendency for group discussions to intensify prevailing opinions within the group.

Groupthink

  • Desire for group harmony leads to poor decision-making by ignoring alternatives.

Culture

  • Collective beliefs and customs shaping social behaviors; includes concepts like collectivism and individualism.

Norm

  • Guidelines for acceptable behavior within a group.

Personal Space

  • The physical distance individuals prefer to maintain around themselves.

Prejudice

  • Rigid negative attitudes based on group membership.

Stereotype

  • Oversimplified beliefs about a group, often leading to generalizations.

Discrimination

  • Unfair treatment of individuals based on group membership.

Ingroup

  • "Us" group sharing a common identity.

Outgroup

  • "Them" group perceived as different from one's own group.

Ingroup Bias

  • Favoritism towards one’s own group over others.

Scapegoat Theory

  • Prejudice as an outlet for anger by blaming others.

Other-Race Effect

  • Enhanced ability to recognize and remember faces of one’s own race.

Just-World Phenomenon

  • Belief that people generally get what they deserve in life.

Aggression

  • Behaviors intended to cause harm or destruction.

Frustration-Aggression Principle

  • Frustration can lead to anger, which may subsequently result in aggression.

Mere Exposure Effect

  • Repeated exposure to stimuli increases preference or liking.

Passionate Love

  • Intense initial affection and absorption in another person.

Companionate Love

  • Built on intimacy and commitment within long-term relationships.

Equity

  • Balance between what individuals give and receive in relationships.

Self-Disclosure

  • Sharing personal information and feelings with others.

Altruism

  • Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Bystander Effect

  • Individuals are less likely to assist in emergencies when others are present.

Social Exchange Theory

  • Social behavior as an exchange process aimed at maximizing benefits and minimizing costs.

Reciprocity Norm

  • Expectation of mutual assistance among individuals.

Social-Responsibility Norm

  • Expectation that individuals will help those who depend on them.

Conflict

  • Struggle between opposing forces or interests.

Social Trap

  • Situation where conflicting self-interests lead to detrimental outcomes for all.

Mirror-Image Perceptions

  • Conflicting parties view themselves as ethical while perceiving the other as immoral.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

  • Beliefs that produce their own consequences.

Superordinate Goals

  • Shared objectives that transcend group differences, requiring cooperation.

GRIT

  • Strategy focused on reducing international tensions through graduated initiatives.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in Social Psychology from AP Psychology Unit 9. This quiz covers important terms such as Attribution Theory and the Fundamental Attribution Error. Enhance your understanding of how we interact and think about each other in social contexts.

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