Questions and Answers
What is a positive reinforcer?
Albert Bandura is best known for developing the Law of Effect.
False
Who is known for his work on Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura
Edward Thorndike is known for his work in _____ Theory.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the psychologists with their contributions:
Signup and view all the answers
What leads to the development of Operant Conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the Law of Effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is adaptability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is habituation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is associative learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What are observable behaviors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is behaviorism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the five major conditioning processes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is higher order conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is spontaneous recovery?
Signup and view all the answers
What is generalization in conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is learned helplessness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is operant conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is respondent behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is operant behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the law of effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Skinner Box?
Signup and view all the answers
What is shaping?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a reinforcer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is chaining?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a discriminative stimulus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a positive reinforcer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a negative reinforcer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary reinforcer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a variable ratio schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is continuous reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is delayed reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is immediate reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is partial reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is positive punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is negative punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a cognitive map?
Signup and view all the answers
What is latent learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is intrinsic motivation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is extrinsic motivation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fixed interval schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a variable interval schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the overjustification effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is observable learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is modeling?
Signup and view all the answers
What are mirror neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What is prosocial behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is social learning theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Garcia effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is aversive conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is omission training?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a token economy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is insight learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is instinctive drift?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is B.F. Skinner?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Key Concepts in Learning
- Learning: Permanent change in behavior due to experience.
- Adaptability: Ability to learn new behaviors to cope with challenges.
- Habituation: Decreased reaction to repeated stimuli; infants lose interest in familiar visual cues.
Types of Learning
- Associative Learning: Linking two events; includes classical and operant conditioning.
- Classical Conditioning: Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus; important figures include Ivan Pavlov.
- Operant Conditioning: Behavior is influenced by consequences; behaviors are strengthened by reinforcers or weakened by punishers.
Classical Conditioning Terminology
- Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivating when food is in mouth).
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to a formerly neutral stimulus that becomes conditioned.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Previously neutral stimulus that, after association with a US, triggers a CR.
- Higher Order Conditioning: Pairing a new neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit the same response.
Conditioning Processes
- Acquisition: Initial stage where a neutral stimulus is associated with a US.
- Extinction: Diminishing of CR when US does not follow CS.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished response after a pause.
- Generalization: Similar stimuli elicit similar responses after conditioning.
- Discrimination: Ability to distinguish between CS and stimuli that do not signal a US.
Behaviorism & Observable Behavior
- Behaviorism: Psychological perspective focused on observable behaviors, excluding mental processes.
- Observable Behavior: Actions measured and seen, important for behaviorist studies.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Reinforcer: Any event that strengthens a behavior it follows.
- Positive Reinforcement: Stimulus that strengthens behavior by presenting a positive outcome.
- Negative Reinforcement: Strengthening behavior by removing negative stimuli.
- Punishment: Event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
- Positive Punishment: Adding an aversive consequence.
- Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing behavior every time it occurs.
- Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement: Reinforcing behavior only part of the time, leading to greater resistance to extinction.
- Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement after a specific number of responses.
- Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.
- Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforcement after a specified period.
- Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforcement at unpredictable time intervals.
Learning Theories and Influencers
- Social Learning Theory: Proposed by Albert Bandura; emphasizes learning through observation and imitation.
- Cognitive Map: Mental representation of spatial relationships, demonstrated through latent learning.
- Self-Efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed, essential for motivation and performance.
Important Figures in Learning Theory
- Ivan Pavlov: Discovered classical conditioning through dog experiments; contributed to behaviorism.
- B.F. Skinner: Developed operant conditioning; emphasized reinforcers in behavior modification.
- Edward Thorndike: Formulated the Law of Effect through cat puzzle box experiments; laid groundwork for operant conditioning.
- Albert Bandura: Innovated Social Learning Theory; emphasized observational learning and modeling behaviors.
Additional Concepts
- Learned Helplessness: Passive behavior resulting from repeated inability to avoid aversive stimuli.
- Modeling: Imitation of observed behaviors; foundational for learning social behaviors.
- Token Economy: Reward system reinforcing behavior through tokens, which can be exchanged for rewards.
- Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation: Intrinsic motivation arises from internal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards or consequences.
Other Learning Effects
- Overjustification Effect: External rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.
- Aversive Conditioning: Associating unpleasant feelings with unwanted behaviors.
- Omission Training: Removing a positive stimulus to reduce undesirable behavior.
Learning Types and Mechanisms
- Insight Learning: Sudden understanding of a problem's solution; observed in primate studies.
- Instinctive Drift: Reversion to instinctual behaviors despite having learned new ones; emphasizes natural behaviors can override learned ones.
- Prosocial Behavior: Positive, constructive behaviors beneficial to others; opposite of antisocial behaviors.
This summary provides an overview of key concepts, terminology, and influential figures in the field of learning psychology.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Unit 5 of AP Psychology focusing on learning. This quiz features essential terms such as learning, adaptability, and habituation, with definitions to enhance your understanding. Ace your upcoming tests with these handy flashcards!