Questions and Answers
What is the Method of Loci?
Who is George Miller?
A pioneer in cognitive psychology known for the concept of the magic number 7 plus or minus 2.
What theory did Karl Lashley propose about memory?
Memories are not localized to one part of the brain; they are widely distributed throughout the cerebral cortex.
What is Eric Kandel known for?
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What is psychogenic amnesia?
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What can cause organic amnesia?
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What does mood-congruent memory refer to?
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Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus?
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What is the misinformation effect?
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What is source amnesia?
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Who conducted ground-breaking work on the misinformation effect?
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Study Notes
Memory Techniques and Concepts
- Method of Loci: A mnemonic strategy utilizing spatial relationships and mental imagery of locations to enhance memory retention and recall.
Key Figures in Memory Research
- George Miller: Noted for the "magic number 7 plus or minus 2," highlights the capacity limit of short-term memory; contributed to cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics.
- Karl Lashley: Attempted to locate a biological basis for memory (engram) in rats, concluding that memory is distributed across the cerebral cortex rather than localized.
- Eric Kandel: Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for groundbreaking research into the molecular mechanisms underlying memory storage in neurons.
Types of Amnesia
- Psychogenic Amnesia: A form of memory loss attributed to psychological factors, such as severe stress or trauma.
- Organic Amnesia: Memory loss resulting from physical factors, like substance abuse or brain trauma.
Memory Phenomena
- Mood-Congruent Memory: The tendency to recall information that is consistent with one’s current emotional state.
- Hermann Ebbinghaus: Pioneered experimental studies in memory, known for discovering the forgetting curve, which explains how information is lost over time, and the spacing effect that enhances memory retention.
Interference in Memory
- Proactive Interference: Older memories disrupt the ability to recall newer information.
- Retroactive Interference: New information hinders the recall of previously learned information.
Memory Distortion
- Repression: A psychological defense mechanism that blocks out memories or impulses that may induce anxiety from conscious awareness.
- Misinformation Effect: The phenomenon where memory recall can be affected by misleading information introduced after the event, revealing the fragility of memory.
- Source Amnesia: An explicit memory disorder where individuals remember information but forget the context or source of that memory.
Elizabeth Loftus' Contributions
- Elizabeth Loftus: Renowned for her research on the misinformation effect, eyewitness memory, and the nature of false memories, including issues related to recovered memories in the context of childhood trauma.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards on memory concepts from AP Psychology Chapter 9. Learn about key theories and figures such as the Method of Loci and George Miller's contributions to cognitive psychology. Perfect for exam preparation or quick review!
