Podcast
Questions and Answers
Short-term memory is best described as?
Short-term memory is best described as?
Memory that can hold only a small amount of information.
Which psychologist is best associated with studying the function of memory?
Which psychologist is best associated with studying the function of memory?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Automatic processing requires little mental effort.
Automatic processing requires little mental effort.
True (A)
An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is?
An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is?
What is David using to enhance his memory when he relates a date to his birthday?
What is David using to enhance his memory when he relates a date to his birthday?
Yvonne is boosting her memory by using?
Yvonne is boosting her memory by using?
What is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember?
What is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember?
What evidence suggests that human memory is organized into?
What evidence suggests that human memory is organized into?
What method is Jerry using to improve his memory encoding?
What method is Jerry using to improve his memory encoding?
Which effect is illustrated when Susam remembers only the first two items on his grocery list?
Which effect is illustrated when Susam remembers only the first two items on his grocery list?
An example of state-dependent memory is?
An example of state-dependent memory is?
If Jess has a type of amnesia affecting explicit memories, what is she likely to remember?
If Jess has a type of amnesia affecting explicit memories, what is she likely to remember?
What concept describes Marsha thinking that the waiter asked her for water?
What concept describes Marsha thinking that the waiter asked her for water?
An example of a failure of source monitoring is?
An example of a failure of source monitoring is?
Which example is most likely to be a false memory?
Which example is most likely to be a false memory?
Consolidation can be described as?
Consolidation can be described as?
Explicit memories are created in?
Explicit memories are created in?
Which scenario is best explained by long-term potentiation?
Which scenario is best explained by long-term potentiation?
A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as?
A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as?
A mental set is?
A mental set is?
An example of divergent thinking is?
An example of divergent thinking is?
John's reasoning about sharks at the beach can be explained through?
John's reasoning about sharks at the beach can be explained through?
An example of the predictable-world bias for a person planning a party outside would be?
An example of the predictable-world bias for a person planning a party outside would be?
Patrick's selective focus on negative feedback is best explained by?
Patrick's selective focus on negative feedback is best explained by?
According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess?
According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess?
Which example is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence?
Which example is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence?
According to Robert Sternberg's theory, what type of intelligence is Arthur using to help his friend with a new phone?
According to Robert Sternberg's theory, what type of intelligence is Arthur using to help his friend with a new phone?
Mary's IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean indicates what?
Mary's IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean indicates what?
Based on the scenario, what psychological construct is missing from the intelligence test?
Based on the scenario, what psychological construct is missing from the intelligence test?
Professor Gustafson can ensure good inter-rater reliability by?
Professor Gustafson can ensure good inter-rater reliability by?
Vandana's behavior of repeating words after receiving a reward can be explained by?
Vandana's behavior of repeating words after receiving a reward can be explained by?
Why does Rodrigo's sister say 'We goed to the store' instead of 'We went to the store'?
Why does Rodrigo's sister say 'We goed to the store' instead of 'We went to the store'?
The main difference between the speech of the first and second generation in communities of different languages is?
The main difference between the speech of the first and second generation in communities of different languages is?
Study Notes
Memory Types
- Short-term memory is limited to holding a small amount of information.
- Long-term memory formation involves the consolidation process from short-term memories.
Key Figures
- Hermann Ebbinghaus is famous for his research on memory functions.
Memory Processing
- Automatic processing is a type of memory retention that requires little mental effort.
- Effortful processing requires conscious effort and attention.
Memory Improvement Techniques
- Elaborative encoding enhances memory by associating new information with existing knowledge, such as using mnemonic devices.
- Self-reference aids memory retention by connecting information to personal experiences.
- Maintenance rehearsal involves repetitively recalling information to improve retention.
Memory Capacity
- The average limit for short-term memory is about seven items or digits.
Memory Organization
- Human memory is organized in an associative network, where one thought connects to related concepts.
Memory Techniques
- The method of loci involves visualizing a familiar environment to aid memory recall by associating elements of a list with specific locations.
Memory Effects
- The primacy effect illustrates that people tend to remember the earliest items in a list better than those in the middle or at the end.
- State-dependent memory occurs when recall is facilitated by being in the same emotional or physical state as when the information was learned.
Types of Amnesia
- Explicit memories are impacted in certain types of amnesia, while implicit memories often remain intact.
Schema and Memory
- Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help organize information and shape our understanding of experiences.
- Source monitoring failures occur when individuals forget the origin of their memories, leading to incorrect recollections.
False Memories
- Young children's memories, particularly those with significant emotional or imaginative content, are prone to inaccuracies.
Memory Encoding and Retrieval
- Explicit memories are primarily formed in the hippocampus, which plays a crucial role in memory encoding and retrieval.
- Long-term potentiation explains how neural connections strengthen, making it easier to recall information over time.
Problem-Solving and Thinking
- Algorithms are systematic procedures for solving problems, contrasting with flexible thinking models.
- A mental set represents an established viewpoint or approach towards problem-solving.
Heuristics in Decision-Making
- The availability heuristic leads individuals to make decisions based on immediate examples that come to mind, potentially skewing judgment.
- The predictable-world bias is the mistaken belief that future occurrences will reflect recent patterns.
Cognitive Biases
- Confirmation bias occurs when individuals focus on information that supports their beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.
Intelligence Theories
- Logical-mathematical intelligence is characterized by strong problem-solving skills in mathematical and logical contexts.
- Executive functioning relates to the ability to manage and utilize cognitive resources to solve complex tasks.
- Creative intelligence involves innovative problem-solving, applying existing knowledge in new contexts.
Intelligence Testing
- IQ scores within one standard deviation above the mean indicate performance in the average range for test-takers.
- Test-retest reliability measures the consistency of test scores over multiple administrations.
- Inter-rater reliability pertains to the agreement among different evaluators assessing the same test.
Language Development
- Behaviorism explains language acquisition through reinforcement and imitation, as seen in children's reaction to praise.
- Overregularization occurs when children apply grammatical rules too broadly, such as using incorrect verb forms.
- Language complexity increases in subsequent generations, leading to richer grammatical structures.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of memory concepts with these flashcards designed for AP Psychology Unit 5. Each card poses a critical question or definition to enhance your understanding of short-term memory and key psychologists in the field. Perfect for quick revision and self-assessment.
