AP Psych Unit 5 (MCQ) Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Short-term memory is best described as?

Memory that can hold only a small amount of information.

Which psychologist is best associated with studying the function of memory?

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Automatic processing requires little mental effort.

True

An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is?

Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase 'stinko ginkgo'. Signup and view all the answers

What is David using to enhance his memory when he relates a date to his birthday?

Self-reference Signup and view all the answers

Yvonne is boosting her memory by using?

Maintenance rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember?

Seven Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that human memory is organized into?

An association network Signup and view all the answers

What method is Jerry using to improve his memory encoding?

The method of loci Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is illustrated when Susam remembers only the first two items on his grocery list?

Primacy effect Signup and view all the answers

An example of state-dependent memory is?

Tommy finding it easier to remember materials while taking the exam because he was sad while studying. Signup and view all the answers

If Jess has a type of amnesia affecting explicit memories, what is she likely to remember?

The arm position to throw the ball Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes Marsha thinking that the waiter asked her for water?

Schema Signup and view all the answers

An example of a failure of source monitoring is?

Amir telling Jorge the same story he was told earlier. Signup and view all the answers

Which example is most likely to be a false memory?

A young child's memory of a day at the beach Signup and view all the answers

Consolidation can be described as?

Long-term memories being formed from short-term memories. Signup and view all the answers

Explicit memories are created in?

The hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is best explained by long-term potentiation?

The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but she remembers it more quickly over time. Signup and view all the answers

A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as?

An algorithm Signup and view all the answers

A mental set is?

An established way of thinking about or perceiving something. Signup and view all the answers

An example of divergent thinking is?

Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible. Signup and view all the answers

John's reasoning about sharks at the beach can be explained through?

The availability heuristic Signup and view all the answers

An example of the predictable-world bias for a person planning a party outside would be?

Believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years. Signup and view all the answers

Patrick's selective focus on negative feedback is best explained by?

Confirmation bias Signup and view all the answers

According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess?

Logical-mathematical Signup and view all the answers

Which example is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence?

Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions. Signup and view all the answers

According to Robert Sternberg's theory, what type of intelligence is Arthur using to help his friend with a new phone?

Creative intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Mary's IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean indicates what?

Her score was within the middle 68% of people who took the test. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the scenario, what psychological construct is missing from the intelligence test?

Test-retest reliability Signup and view all the answers

Professor Gustafson can ensure good inter-rater reliability by?

Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test. Signup and view all the answers

Vandana's behavior of repeating words after receiving a reward can be explained by?

Behaviorism Signup and view all the answers

Why does Rodrigo's sister say 'We goed to the store' instead of 'We went to the store'?

She is overregularizing her use of the past tense. Signup and view all the answers

The main difference between the speech of the first and second generation in communities of different languages is?

The speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory Types

Short-term memory is limited to holding a small amount of information.
Long-term memory formation involves the consolidation process from short-term memories.

Key Figures

Hermann Ebbinghaus is famous for his research on memory functions.

Memory Processing

Automatic processing is a type of memory retention that requires little mental effort.
Effortful processing requires conscious effort and attention.

Memory Improvement Techniques

Elaborative encoding enhances memory by associating new information with existing knowledge, such as using mnemonic devices.
Self-reference aids memory retention by connecting information to personal experiences.
Maintenance rehearsal involves repetitively recalling information to improve retention.

Memory Capacity

The average limit for short-term memory is about seven items or digits.

Memory Organization

Human memory is organized in an associative network, where one thought connects to related concepts.

Memory Techniques

The method of loci involves visualizing a familiar environment to aid memory recall by associating elements of a list with specific locations.

Memory Effects

The primacy effect illustrates that people tend to remember the earliest items in a list better than those in the middle or at the end.
State-dependent memory occurs when recall is facilitated by being in the same emotional or physical state as when the information was learned.

Types of Amnesia

Explicit memories are impacted in certain types of amnesia, while implicit memories often remain intact.

Schema and Memory

Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help organize information and shape our understanding of experiences.
Source monitoring failures occur when individuals forget the origin of their memories, leading to incorrect recollections.

False Memories

Young children's memories, particularly those with significant emotional or imaginative content, are prone to inaccuracies.

Memory Encoding and Retrieval

Explicit memories are primarily formed in the hippocampus, which plays a crucial role in memory encoding and retrieval.
Long-term potentiation explains how neural connections strengthen, making it easier to recall information over time.

Problem-Solving and Thinking

Algorithms are systematic procedures for solving problems, contrasting with flexible thinking models.
A mental set represents an established viewpoint or approach towards problem-solving.

Heuristics in Decision-Making

The availability heuristic leads individuals to make decisions based on immediate examples that come to mind, potentially skewing judgment.
The predictable-world bias is the mistaken belief that future occurrences will reflect recent patterns.

Cognitive Biases

Confirmation bias occurs when individuals focus on information that supports their beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.

Intelligence Theories

Logical-mathematical intelligence is characterized by strong problem-solving skills in mathematical and logical contexts.
Executive functioning relates to the ability to manage and utilize cognitive resources to solve complex tasks.
Creative intelligence involves innovative problem-solving, applying existing knowledge in new contexts.

Intelligence Testing

IQ scores within one standard deviation above the mean indicate performance in the average range for test-takers.
Test-retest reliability measures the consistency of test scores over multiple administrations.
Inter-rater reliability pertains to the agreement among different evaluators assessing the same test.

Language Development

Behaviorism explains language acquisition through reinforcement and imitation, as seen in children's reaction to praise.
Overregularization occurs when children apply grammatical rules too broadly, such as using incorrect verb forms.
Language complexity increases in subsequent generations, leading to richer grammatical structures.

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Description

Test your knowledge of memory concepts with these flashcards designed for AP Psychology Unit 5. Each card poses a critical question or definition to enhance your understanding of short-term memory and key psychologists in the field. Perfect for quick revision and self-assessment.