Podcast
Questions and Answers
The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called __________.
The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called __________.
Cardiac Reserve
Correctly sequence the pathway of blood flow through the heart, beginning with the venae cavae.
Correctly sequence the pathway of blood flow through the heart, beginning with the venae cavae.
Venae cavae → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta
Which term refers to relaxation of the heart?
Which term refers to relaxation of the heart?
Diastole
The AV valves close in response to __________.
The AV valves close in response to __________.
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Action potentials received directly from the __________ stimulate the papillary muscles to contract, allowing for the proper __________ of the AV valves.
Action potentials received directly from the __________ stimulate the papillary muscles to contract, allowing for the proper __________ of the AV valves.
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The part of the cardiac conduction system which acts as the pacemaker is the __________ node.
The part of the cardiac conduction system which acts as the pacemaker is the __________ node.
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What is the double-walled sac that surrounds the heart called?
What is the double-walled sac that surrounds the heart called?
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If a person's heart is pumping 5000 mL of blood in one minute and the heart rate is 50 beats per minute, what is the cardiac output?
If a person's heart is pumping 5000 mL of blood in one minute and the heart rate is 50 beats per minute, what is the cardiac output?
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When atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure, the _____ valves open.
When atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure, the _____ valves open.
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The rate of ventricular conduction is best determined by __________ on an ECG.
The rate of ventricular conduction is best determined by __________ on an ECG.
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Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output?
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output?
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Study Notes
Cardiac Anatomy and Blood Flow
- Cardiac Reserve is the difference between maximum and resting cardiac output.
- Blood flow sequence starts from venae cavae into the heart chambers and out to the body.
- Key internal structures of the heart include four chambers, valves (AV and semilunar), and specialized muscle tissues.
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Function
- Diastole refers to the relaxation phase of the heart.
- AV valves close due to ventricular contraction, triggered by increased pressure in the ventricles.
- The semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure during the late ventricular systole phase.
Heart Valves and Electrical System
- Major heart valves include the AV and semilunar valves, which prevent backflow during contraction and relaxation.
- The cardiac conduction system consists of the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and Purkinje fibers, regulating heart rhythm by conducting electrical impulses.
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
- Cardiac muscle has unique structural features, including intercalated discs that facilitate communication between cells and synchronize contractions.
- Action potentials in cardiomyocytes initiate contraction, marked by specific ion channel activities involving sodium, calcium, and potassium ions.
Physiological Concepts
- Stroke volume can be influenced by factors such as preload and inotropic agents, which affect the force of contraction.
- The Frank-Starling law describes that increased ventricular filling leads to more forceful contractions.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Interpretation
- An ECG records electrical currents of the heart, showing P waves (atrial depolarization), QRS complexes (ventricular depolarization), and T waves (ventricular repolarization).
- Third-degree AV blocks manifest as irregularities in the ratio of P waves to QRS complexes.
Heart Rate Regulation
- Heart rate increases with sympathetic stimulation, exercise, and stress, while it decreases in response to vagal tone and specific pharmacological interventions.
- Cardiac output (CO) is calculated using the formula: CO = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).
Pathological Considerations
- Mitral valve prolapse can lead to increased left atrial pressure, impacting overall heart function.
- Cardiac dysfunctions can be monitored through ECG changes, indicative of various conduction blocks or abnormal heart rhythms.
Pericardium and External Anatomy
- The pericardium is a double-walled sac surrounding the heart, providing protection and facilitating movement during contraction and relaxation.
- Knowledge of both external and internal structures of the heart is vital for understanding its function and diagnosing diseases.
Miscellaneous
- Post-exercise venous return increases, influencing the right ventricular workload and contributing to overall cardiovascular dynamics.
- Positive inotropic agents enhance cardiac output by decreasing end-systolic volume, while negative inotropes reduce cardiac workload during hypertension.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the heart's anatomy and functions with these flashcards for A&P II Exam 1. Cover topics including cardiac output, blood flow pathways, and key terms related to the heart's physiology. Perfect for students preparing for exams and wanting to reinforce their learning.
