A&P I Exam 1 Chapter 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as

  • Acids
  • Bases
  • Inorganic molecules
  • Salts
  • Organic molecules (correct)

    • A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of

  • Elements that form at high pH and who can successfully resist the action of buffers
  • Atoms that form the main reactive area for a particular compound (correct)
  • Amino acids in a globular protein such as hemoglobin, immunoglobulins, and albumins
  • Atoms that function in the body even if temperatures and pH reach extreme values
  • Elements that occur in a salt and that can neither be hydrolyzed nor dehydrated

    • Artificial sweeteners

  • Are always some form of carbohydrate
  • Are inorganic sugar substitutes
  • Provide the same number of calories as an equivalent amount of sucrose
  • Are usually not broken down by the body (correct)
  • Are naturally similar to sugars

    • Fructose is

    <p>All of the answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called

    <p>Isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a

    <p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of an organic substance is

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrate molecules

    <p>Are the body's most readily available source of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,

    <p>A disaccharide is formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be ________ to/from monomers. This process is called ________.

    <p>removed; dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids

    <p>All of the answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alaska Natives have a lower incidence of heart disease even though their diets are high in fat and cholesterol. This may be due to the large amount of ________ in their diets.

    <p>Omega-3 fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?

    <p>3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of

    <p>Sex hormones and plasma membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids that are produced by nearly every tissue in the body and act as local regulators are the

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of

    <p>Structural lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is

    <p>Saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many lipids are composed of fatty acids and

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The monomers of protein are

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.

    <p>Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term ________ refers to certain amino acids, which can have both a positive charge and a negative charge.

    <p>zwitterion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You would expect a peptide bond to link

    <p>Two amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each amino acid differs from another in the

    <p>Nature of the side chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term ________ means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction.

    <p>Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called

    <p>An R group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of ________ protein structure.

    <p>Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is ________ structure.

    <p>Quaternary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group?

    <p>-NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction

    <p>Occurs at the saturation limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would the lack of a cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function?

    <p>The enzyme would not be able to function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the correct statement regarding the process of denaturation.

    <p>It is the loss of protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are organic substances?

    <p>Lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecules that store and process genetic information are the

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An amino acid is to a protein as a ________ is to a nucleic acid.

    <p>Nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nucleotide consists of a

    <p>Five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenine and guanine are

    <p>Purines represented by A and G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that

    <p>The backbone of RNA contains ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is

    <p>Adenosine triphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high-energy bond in ATP is present between

    <p>Phosphate groups 1 and 2 and between phosphate groups 2 and 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phosphorylation of adenosine forms

    <p>AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP.

    <p>Adenosine triphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    AMP + P →

    <p>ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the ________ acid group.

    <p>carboxylic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individual steroids differ in the ________ attached to the carbon rings.

    <p>Side chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In water, phospholipids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called

    <p>Micelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a ________ base.

    <p>Nitrogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purines found in DNA are ________ and guanine.

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are ________ and cytosine.

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A(n) ________ bond is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large amount of energy.

    <p>High-energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of ________ a phosphate group is transferred to a molecule.

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Molecules

    • Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as organic molecules.
    • Organic compounds are characterized by the presence of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

    Functional Groups

    • Functional groups are clusters of atoms capable of participating in chemical reactions, making them the main reactive areas in compounds.

    Artificial Sweeteners

    • Unlike sugars, artificial sweeteners are usually not broken down by the body and provide zero or fewer calories than sucrose.

    Carbohydrates

    • Fructose is a hexose, an isomer of glucose, and part of the carbohydrate group.
    • Glycogen, a polysaccharide, functions as glucose storage in liver and muscle cells.
    • Carbohydrates are the body's most readily available source of energy, composed primarily of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio.

    Molecular Structures

    • Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
    • Monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides.

    Lipids

    • Lipids, including triglycerides and phospholipids, form essential structures in cells, provide energy reserves, and help regulate body temperature.
    • Most body fat is stored as triglycerides.
    • Omega-3 fatty acids, abundant in Alaska Natives’ diets, may contribute to lower heart disease rates.

    Enzymes and Proteins

    • Proteins are made of amino acids; they exhibit high specificity, catalyzing only one type of reaction.
    • Enzymes interact with substrates at active sites and require cofactors to function effectively.
    • Denaturation results in the loss of protein structure due to factors like extreme pH changes or temperature.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are responsible for storing and processing genetic information, with DNA containing deoxyribose sugar.
    • Nucleotides, the building blocks of nucleic acids, consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

    Base Pairing in Nucleic Acids

    • In nucleic acids, complementary base pairing occurs: cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA).

    ATP and Energy

    • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most abundant high-energy compound in cells, with high-energy bonds between phosphate groups storing energy.
    • The hydrolysis of ATP provides energy necessary for biological processes.

    Fatty Acids

    • Fatty acids have a carboxylic acid group and may be saturated (with no double bonds) or unsaturated (with one or more double bonds).
    • Phospholipids, essential for biological membranes, consist of two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group.

    Protein Structures

    • Proteins exhibit different levels of structure: primary, secondary (alpha-helix and beta-sheet), tertiary, and quaternary structures, with quaternary structure involving the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains.

    Biological Membranes

    • Phospholipids form micelles in water, with hydrophobic tails hidden inside, crucial for constructing cell membranes.

    High-Energy Compounds

    • Phosphorylation is a key process involving the transfer of a phosphate group to form energy-carrying molecules like ADP and AMP from ATP.

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    Description

    This quiz consists of flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 2 of the A&P I curriculum. Key topics include the classification of organic molecules and the role of functional groups in chemistry. Test your knowledge and prepare for the exam!

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