A&P I Exam 1 Chapter 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as

Acids

Bases

Inorganic molecules

Salts

Organic molecules (correct)

A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of

Elements that form at high pH and who can successfully resist the action of buffers

Atoms that form the main reactive area for a particular compound (correct)

Amino acids in a globular protein such as hemoglobin, immunoglobulins, and albumins

Atoms that function in the body even if temperatures and pH reach extreme values

Elements that occur in a salt and that can neither be hydrolyzed nor dehydrated

Artificial sweeteners

Are always some form of carbohydrate

Are inorganic sugar substitutes

Provide the same number of calories as an equivalent amount of sucrose

Are usually not broken down by the body (correct)

Are naturally similar to sugars

Fructose is

All of the answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called

Isomers Signup and view all the answers

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a

Carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

An example of an organic substance is

Sucrose Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrate molecules

Are the body's most readily available source of energy Signup and view all the answers

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,

A disaccharide is formed Signup and view all the answers

To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be to/from monomers. This process is called .

removed; dehydration synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Lipids

All of the answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

Alaska Natives have a lower incidence of heart disease even though their diets are high in fat and cholesterol. This may be due to the large amount of ________ in their diets.

Omega-3 fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule Signup and view all the answers

A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of

Sex hormones and plasma membranes Signup and view all the answers

Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of

Triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

Lipids that are produced by nearly every tissue in the body and act as local regulators are the

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of

Structural lipids Signup and view all the answers

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is

Saturated Signup and view all the answers

Many lipids are composed of fatty acids and

Glycerol Signup and view all the answers

The monomers of protein are

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.

Active Signup and view all the answers

The term ________ refers to certain amino acids, which can have both a positive charge and a negative charge.

zwitterion Signup and view all the answers

You would expect a peptide bond to link

Two amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Each amino acid differs from another in the

Nature of the side chain Signup and view all the answers

The term ________ means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction.

Specificity Signup and view all the answers

A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called

An R group Signup and view all the answers

The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of ________ protein structure.

Secondary Signup and view all the answers

Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is ________ structure.

Quaternary Signup and view all the answers

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group?

-NH2 Signup and view all the answers

The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction

Occurs at the saturation limit Signup and view all the answers

How would the lack of a cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function?

The enzyme would not be able to function Signup and view all the answers

Identify the correct statement regarding the process of denaturation.

It is the loss of protein structure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are organic substances?

Lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins Signup and view all the answers

Molecules that store and process genetic information are the

Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

An amino acid is to a protein as a ________ is to a nucleic acid.

Nucleotide Signup and view all the answers

A nucleotide consists of a

Five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group Signup and view all the answers

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base

Guanine Signup and view all the answers

Adenine and guanine are

Purines represented by A and G Signup and view all the answers

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that

The backbone of RNA contains ribose Signup and view all the answers

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is

Adenosine triphosphate Signup and view all the answers

A high-energy bond in ATP is present between

Phosphate groups 1 and 2 and between phosphate groups 2 and 3 Signup and view all the answers

The phosphorylation of adenosine forms

AMP Signup and view all the answers

Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP.

Adenosine triphosphate Signup and view all the answers

AMP + P →

ADP Signup and view all the answers

All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the ________ acid group.

carboxylic Signup and view all the answers

Individual steroids differ in the ________ attached to the carbon rings.

Side chains Signup and view all the answers

Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called

Phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

In water, phospholipids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called

Micelles Signup and view all the answers

The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called

Deoxyribose Signup and view all the answers

The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a ________ base.

Nitrogenous Signup and view all the answers

The purines found in DNA are ________ and guanine.

Adenine Signup and view all the answers

The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are ________ and cytosine.

Thymine Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ________ bond is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large amount of energy.

High-energy Signup and view all the answers

In the process of ________ a phosphate group is transferred to a molecule.

Phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and

Energy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as organic molecules.
Organic compounds are characterized by the presence of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are clusters of atoms capable of participating in chemical reactions, making them the main reactive areas in compounds.

Artificial Sweeteners

Unlike sugars, artificial sweeteners are usually not broken down by the body and provide zero or fewer calories than sucrose.

Carbohydrates

Fructose is a hexose, an isomer of glucose, and part of the carbohydrate group.
Glycogen, a polysaccharide, functions as glucose storage in liver and muscle cells.
Carbohydrates are the body's most readily available source of energy, composed primarily of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Molecular Structures

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
Monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides.

Lipids

Lipids, including triglycerides and phospholipids, form essential structures in cells, provide energy reserves, and help regulate body temperature.
Most body fat is stored as triglycerides.
Omega-3 fatty acids, abundant in Alaska Natives’ diets, may contribute to lower heart disease rates.

Enzymes and Proteins

Proteins are made of amino acids; they exhibit high specificity, catalyzing only one type of reaction.
Enzymes interact with substrates at active sites and require cofactors to function effectively.
Denaturation results in the loss of protein structure due to factors like extreme pH changes or temperature.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are responsible for storing and processing genetic information, with DNA containing deoxyribose sugar.
Nucleotides, the building blocks of nucleic acids, consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Base Pairing in Nucleic Acids

In nucleic acids, complementary base pairing occurs: cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA).

ATP and Energy

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most abundant high-energy compound in cells, with high-energy bonds between phosphate groups storing energy.
The hydrolysis of ATP provides energy necessary for biological processes.

Fatty Acids

Fatty acids have a carboxylic acid group and may be saturated (with no double bonds) or unsaturated (with one or more double bonds).
Phospholipids, essential for biological membranes, consist of two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group.

Protein Structures

Proteins exhibit different levels of structure: primary, secondary (alpha-helix and beta-sheet), tertiary, and quaternary structures, with quaternary structure involving the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains.

Biological Membranes

Phospholipids form micelles in water, with hydrophobic tails hidden inside, crucial for constructing cell membranes.

High-Energy Compounds

Phosphorylation is a key process involving the transfer of a phosphate group to form energy-carrying molecules like ADP and AMP from ATP.

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This quiz consists of flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 2 of the A&P I curriculum. Key topics include the classification of organic molecules and the role of functional groups in chemistry. Test your knowledge and prepare for the exam!

A&P I Exam 1 Chapter 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as

A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of

Artificial sweeteners

Fructose is

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is

The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a

An example of an organic substance is

Carbohydrate molecules

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,

To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be ________ to/from monomers. This process is called ________.

Lipids

Alaska Natives have a lower incidence of heart disease even though their diets are high in fat and cholesterol. This may be due to the large amount of ________ in their diets.

Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?

A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of

Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of

Lipids that are produced by nearly every tissue in the body and act as local regulators are the

Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is

Many lipids are composed of fatty acids and

The monomers of protein are

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.

The term ________ refers to certain amino acids, which can have both a positive charge and a negative charge.

You would expect a peptide bond to link

Each amino acid differs from another in the

The term ________ means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction.

A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called

The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of ________ protein structure.

Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is ________ structure.

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and

Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group?

The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction

How would the lack of a cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function?

Identify the correct statement regarding the process of denaturation.

Which of the following are organic substances?

Molecules that store and process genetic information are the

An amino acid is to a protein as a ________ is to a nucleic acid.

A nucleotide consists of a

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base

Adenine and guanine are

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is

A high-energy bond in ATP is present between

The phosphorylation of adenosine forms

Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP.

AMP + P →

All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the ________ acid group.

Individual steroids differ in the ________ attached to the carbon rings.

Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called

In water, phospholipids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called

The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called

The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a ________ base.

The purines found in DNA are ________ and guanine.

The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are ________ and cytosine.

A(n) ________ bond is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large amount of energy.

In the process of ________ a phosphate group is transferred to a molecule.

The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and

Study Notes

Organic Molecules

Functional Groups

Artificial Sweeteners

Carbohydrates

Molecular Structures

Lipids

Enzymes and Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Base Pairing in Nucleic Acids

ATP and Energy

Fatty Acids

Protein Structures

Biological Membranes

High-Energy Compounds

Studying That Suits You

Description

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